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Psychology 100-60 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

why should we study psychology?

A
  • it is EXTREMELY RELEVANT to one’s life
  • helps you learn about yourself and others through various view points
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2
Q

definition of PSYCHOLOGY

A

a topic that must be taken through an OBJECTIVE/IMPERSONAL LENS
- scientific study of mental activity/behavior, which are based on brain processes

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3
Q

what are the THREE ASPECTS of psychology?

A
  1. Psychology investigates mental activity and behavior
    - experiences depending on how your process the situation + initial reaction
  2. The field of psychology acknowledges the importance of brain processes
    - the BRAIN is responsible for our mental activity/behavior!!
  3. Psychology is a science!
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4
Q

definition of EMPIRICISM

A

an evidence-based approach to gaining knowledge by conducting research that systemically investigates + measures phenomena of interest
**entails a BROAD INSIGHT of many people, not just one

  • remember that not all of our personal thoughts can be supported by SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
  • can even CONTRADICT original assumption

“the idea that all learning comes from only experience and observations.”

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5
Q

what is science of learning?

A

research in psychology & other fields that suggests how you can improve your study skills, learning, & academic performance

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6
Q

what are the major IMPACT strategies?

A

(I) Improving
(M) Monitoring
(P) Practicing
(A) Attending
(C) Connecting
(T) Thinking Deeply

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7
Q

Improving

A

the overall indication of a GROWTH MINDSET
- your own personal skills and intelligence are not fixed
- effort to work hard and have good study techniques + helpful feedback from others

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8
Q

Monitoring

A

the process of SELF-REGULATED LEARNING
- creation of measurable learning goals, study plans, other effective strategies, & check-ins

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9
Q

Practicing

A

“Practice Makes Perfect” :)
- only truly effective; ACTIVELY trying to remember the material (REPEATED PRACTICE)
- spacing out practices during session or couple of days

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10
Q

Attending

A
  • SELECTIVE ATTENTION:
    can only really focus on only so much at one time
  • HEAVY MEDIA MULTI-TASK:
    use of heavy media can have negative effects on attention and memory
  • maximize your learning turn off the phones !!
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11
Q

Connecting

A

the brain naturally creates relationships and connections to help remember info!
- relate new ideas to facts and skills you already know!
- gives important CUES to organize new information into our MEMORY!

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12
Q

Thinking Deeply

A
  • learning the right way can be hard work!
    ELABORATION:
  • explaining specific concepts or examples can lead to greater MEMORY and LEARNING
  • creation of “MEMORY TRACES” that can be strengthened through deep thinking
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13
Q

definition of CRITICAL THINKING

A

systemically evaluating information to reach conclusions based on the evidence that is presented
- don’t always accept everything you hear as “FACE VALUE”

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14
Q

what are the critical thinking steps?

A

STEP ONE: IS THE SOURCE OF THE CLAIM BELIEVABLE?

STEP TWO: IS THERE STRONG EVIDENCE FOR THE CLAIM?

STEP THREE: DO OTHER BELIEVABLE SOURCES AGREE ABOUT CLAIM?

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15
Q

step 1 of critical thinking

A

STEP ONE: IS THE SOURCE OF THE CLAIM BELIEVABLE?
- determine WHO is providing such information about the claim
- is the source CREDIBLE/BELIEVABLE??
- are there ulterior motives?

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16
Q

step 2 of critical thinking

A

STEP TWO: IS THERE STRONG EVIDENCE FOR THE CLAIM?
- only EMPIRICAL RESEARCH is acceptable evidence (Psychology is a science remember!)
**describes the participants, research designs, ethical issues, and conclusions
- evidence can be tainted with intuitions, beliefs, and opinions

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17
Q

step 3 of critical thinking

A

STEP THREE: DO OTHER BELIEVABLE SOURCES AGREE ABOUT CLAIM?
- be SKEPTICAL to sources without any supporting or competing claims
- has CONSISTENT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

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18
Q

how can psychology improve your life PERSONALLY?

A
  • understand your own personal traits
  • better sleep :)
  • reducing stress/anxiety
  • learn more about others and improve relationships
    (through their own motivations, likes/dislikes, other social influences)
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19
Q

how can psychology improve your life PROFESSIONALLY/through your job?

A
  • helps consider career options
  • understand people’s thinking/behaviors/personalities
  • extremely VITAL to grasp interconnections between the brain, thoughts, feelings and behaviors
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20
Q

1879 Experiment

A
  • 1879: first experimental psychology within Germany; studied completion of certain mental tasks
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21
Q

what are the FIVE DOMAINS OF PSYCHOLOGY?

A
  1. BIOLOGICAL DOMAIN
    - brain + body activity?
  2. COGNITIVE DOMAIN
    - mental activity?
  3. DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAIN
    - change in life? age?
  4. SOCIAL/PERSONALITY DOMAIN
    - social/personal characteristics?
  5. MENTAL/PHYSICAL HEALTH DOMAIN
    - mental/physical health?

**all domains are INTERCONNECTED with each other and creates INTERDISCIPLINARY WORK/APPROACHES

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22
Q

psychology and diversity

A
  • greater range of experiences and people create greater amounts of psychologists
  • wider array of participants; conclusions can be applied as wildly as possible
23
Q

definition of DIVERSITY

A

any difference between people that becomes apparent in a specific context

24
Q

what are some benefits of diversity?

A
  • social and educational benefits for students
  • improvement of group problem solving
  • greater adaptation, flexibility, and creativeness
25
Q

how has psychologists changed in terms of diversity?

A
  • greater array needed with the help of supportive professional organizations
  • old notion just focused on white men supremacy

MARY WHITON CALKINS:
- first female graduate in psychology
- first female president of the American Psych. Asso.

FRANCIS CECIL SUMMER
- first black graduate with a Doctorate Degree in Psych.

  • 2019: over 70% of psychologists are women :)
26
Q

how has psychology and its participants changed in terms of diversity?

A
  • over 96% of participants are WESTERN (even if 12% of world population live in the USA)
  • ex. Pandemic responses
    [MALE] Fight or Flight Response
    [FEMALE] Tend & Befriend Response
  • ex. Muller-Lyer Illusion
    (line test)
  • results can vary depending in CULTURE
27
Q

how has psychology and its students changed in terms of diversity?

A
  • greater need for more support training for POC to earn psych. degrees
  • 2019; 79% of graduates (women) earned Bachelors degree in psych :)
28
Q

definition of ETHICS

A

the accepted standards of right and wrong that guide people’s behavior
- helps protect the participant’s physical + emotional well-being

29
Q

definition of INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS

A

group of people responsible for reviewing proposed research, making sure it follows the accepted ethical standards

30
Q

what are the FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES of psychology?

A
  1. Privacy
    - can observe people in public, but not in private
  2. Confidentiality
    - SECRETS!! no link to actual partcipant
  3. Informed Consent
    - choice to join or not, understand what’s going on
  4. Protection from harm
    - risk/benefit ratio
31
Q

what are the psychological study goals? how does one achieve these study goals?

A
  • DESCRIBING what happens
  • PREDICTING what happens
  • CONTROLLING what causes it to happen
  • EXPLAINING why it happens
  • achieved through the SCIENTIFIC METHOD!
32
Q

definition of SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

continuous 5-step process that allows systemic observation + measurement of phenomena to reach goals

33
Q

what are the FIVE STEPS of the SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

A
  1. Formulate a Theory
  2. Develop a Hypothesis
  3. Test w/ a Research Method
  4. Analyze the Data
  5. Share results/conduct more research
34
Q

STEP ONE of the scientific method

A
  • FORMULATION OF A THEORY

THEORY:
series of interconnected ideas/concepts that explains what is observed in research and makes predictions about future events

  • can be further refined with own contextual research and exploration of articles
35
Q

STEP TWO of scientific method

A
  • DEVELOP TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS
  • HYPOTHESIS:
    specific testable prediction of what should be observed in study if a theory is correct
    (targets study goals –describing, predicting etc…)
36
Q

STEP THREE of the scientific method

A
  • TEST W/ a RESEARCH METHOD

we have 3 types of research methods
1. DESCRIPTIVE
- describing something?
2. CORRELATIONAL
- predicting b/w A & B
3. EXPERIMENTAL
- controlling what causes an outcome

type of research method depends on your own goal + hypothesis + variables (something that varies–can be either manipulated or measured/both)

37
Q

STEP FOUR of scientific method

A
  • ANALYZE the DATA

quickly summarize raw data + and see if there’s any differences
- is there any significant effects :O??

38
Q

STEP FIVE of scientific method

A
  • SHARE RESULTS/CONDUCT MORE RESEARCH

make sure to REPORT ALL DATA + INTERPRETATION
- don’t cherry-pick dawg >:(
- Share results through scientific conferences/peer-reviewed journals
- REPLICATION:
repetition of a research study to confirm or contradict results
(greater confidence in findings and finding any issues in the experiment)

39
Q

definition of DESCRIPTIVE METHODS + what are the THREE TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE METHODS?

A

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS:
research methods that provide a SYSTEMATIC + OBJECTIVE SNAPSHOT of what is occurring at a certain point in time
- seen often during early research stages
- DESCRIBES beliefs or behaviors

THREE TYPES:
1. case studies
2. observational studies
3. self-reports

40
Q

definition of CASE STUDIES

A

DESCRIPTIVE research method that involves intensive examination of a person or organization (or both)
- PROS; lots of data
- CONS; very subjective; could have preexisting bias from researcher

41
Q

definition of OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES

A

involves the observing/classifying behavior, either w/o or w/ intervention (across specific time intervals)
*REACTIVITY - change in behavior due to being observed
- PROS; valuable during early research stages
- CONS; can have observer bias due to own personal expectations

42
Q

definition of SELF-REPORTS

A

asking questions to research participants - field number of options
- PROS; easy, saves money, and quick
- CONS; self-report bias

43
Q

definition of CORRELATIONAL METHODS

A

examines how variables are naturally RELATED to the real world without alteration of VARIABLES without also altering one factor that causes changes in another
*or measuring 2 or more naturally occurring variables to determine STRENGTH of relationship

  • PROS; real world setting/natural relationships
  • CONS; directionalty/third-variable problem

*can use stats to rule these problems out
*correlation is not casuality

44
Q

what is the DIRECTIONALITY PROBLEM (CORRELATIONAL METHOD)?

A

not knowing which factor drives the other factor
- can never tell what causes a particular outcome
( A <———-> B)

45
Q

what is the THIRD VARIABLE PROBLEM (CORRELATIONAL METHOD)?

A

third factor that can drive the relationship **typically a hidden factor

46
Q

definition of EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

A

reveals CASUALTY by manipulating independent variables and measuring effects on the dependent variable

  • PROS; provides control over manipulated independent variable (NO DIRECTIONAL PROBLEM)
  • CONS; can have confounds that affect the dependent variable - inaccurate results
47
Q

what are the VARIABLES in an EXPERIMENT?

A
  • INDEPENDENT V.
    variable MANIPULATED to examine the impact on dependent v.
  • DEPENDENT V.
    variable MEASURED to determine how it was affected by the manipulation of the independent v.

*also have operational definitions

48
Q

what are the GROUPS in an EXPERIMENT?

A

groups are important in proving that there is indeed significant manipulation due to the independent v.

  • CONTROL GROUPS
    group that receives NO TREATMENT; baseline manipulation–compared to EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
  • EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
    group that receives TREATMENT of interest
49
Q

definition of BETWEEN GROUP DESIGN/WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN

A

BETWEEN-GROUP DESIGN
different groups receive different treatments
WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN
same people receive all treatments but in different orders

50
Q

definition of CONTROL and why is it needed?

A
  • CONTROL is necessary in order to determine CASUALITY
  • CONTROL:
    steps taken to minimize possibility that anything other than the independent v. affects the experiment
51
Q

definition of CONFOUND

A

anything that affects a dependent variable and vary the experiment’s condition; reaches toward third-variable problem

52
Q

definition of RANDOM SAMPLE

A

sample of participants that fairly represent the population–equal chance of being included

  • makes sure experiment results can be applied to as many people as possible
53
Q

definition of RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

placing participants into experiment conditions where everyone has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of independent v.

  • makes sure confound is not possible; some people may have different characteristics/abilities that affect groups

Psychology 100-60 (3 decks)

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