Chapter 1 Flashcards
In ……………………, If the active server fails, the hot-standby node becomes the active server
Asymmetric clustering
Composed of two or more individual systems (or nodes)
Clustered system
The ……….. synchronizes access to the shared memory
memory controller
The CPU and the device controllers can execute in parallel
(T/F)
True
………… systems are multiprocessor systems
Multicore
One chip with multiple cores uses less power than multiple single-core chips
(T/F)
True
EEPROM can be changed but not frequently
(T/F)
True
……….. loads the registers within the device controller
Device driver
A simple program stored in ROM or EEPROM
Bootstrap Program
Each interrupt has a corresponding service routine (or handler)
(T/F)
True
On-chip communication is slower than between-chip communication
(T/F)
False
Only the operating system can execute in ……….. mode
kernel
Locate the kernel, load it into memory, and start its execution
Bootstrap Program
Each computer architecture has a predefined set of interrupts
(T/F)
True
CPU can be viewed as …………… It acts as the manager of resources and decides how to allocate them to specific programs and users
resource allocator
First appeared in servers but recently appeared on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers
Multiprocessor Systems
In asymmetric clustering, One node is in …………. monitoring the active server
hot-standby mode
Third step in instruction execution cycle:
…………… the instruction, which may store the result back in memory
Execute
The use of ………….. microprocessors is common and does not turn a single-processor system into a multiprocessor
special-purpose
………. can be installed to improve access time or transfer rate
Caches
The CPU interacts with …… using load or store instructions
RAM
Main memory can store all programs and data permanently
(T/F)
False
It is also known by the general term firmware
Bootstrap Program
…………. refers to the use of high-speed memory to hold a copy of recently-accessed data assuming that it will be needed again soon
Caching
A general-purpose computer system consists of CPUs and multiple device controllers connected through a …………
common bus
………….. is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is off
RAM
A ………… has a local buffer storage and a set of registers
device controller
In symmetric clustering, An application can run concurrently on all cluster nodes using ……………
parallelization
In …………….., Two or more general-purpose processors in close communication,
sharing bus, clock, memory, and peripheral devices
Multiprocessor Systems
……… mode provide more privileges than user but fewer than kernel
VMM
The interrupt vector is stored in low memory and holds the addresses of the interrupt service routines (or …………..)
interrupt handlers
CPU can be viewed as …………… It controls the I/O devices and manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
control program
In ……………, Worker processors look to the boss for instruction or have predefined tasks.
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Increased throughput is an advantage of …………….
Multiprocessor systems
………….. requires a mechanism to allow the failure to be detected, diagnosed, and, if possible, corrected
Fault tolerance
RAM is usually too small to store all needed programs and data
(T/F)
True
A ……………… processor supports a limited instruction set
special-purpose
instructions to modify the content of the timer are ……….
privileged
In ……………., No boss-worker relationship
Symmetric multiprocessing
In ……………………, All processors are peers, where each processor can perform any task
Symmetric multiprocessing
The load instruction moves a word from ………. to ……….
RAM, a CPU register
All instructions that may cause harm are deigned as ………….
privileged
Supports high-availability service, where a node failure does not stop service
Asymmetric clustering
A ……….. is generally implemented by a fixed-rate clock and a counter
timer
In ………….., The boss processor schedules and allocates work to the worker processors.
Asymmetric multiprocessing
……………… can continue operation despite of failures
Fault tolerant systems
In ……….., Device controller transfers an entire block of data directly between its local buffer and main memory, with no intervention by the CPU
device memory access
Also known as loosely-coupled systems
Clustered system
an advantage of multiprocessor systems is ………. means failure of one processor will not halt the system, but only slows it down
Increased reliability
Define the ways in which resources are used to solve user problems
Application programs
In ……………, Each node may be a single processor system or a multicore system
Clustered system
The CPU can load instructions only from the main memory
(T/F)
True
Clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via a ………….
LAN
A software-generated interrupt (or trap) occurs by executing a ……….
system call
………….. processor can execute user processors
general-purpose
Each device controller controls a specific type of devices
(T/F)
True
In direct access memory, …………… generates only one interrupt per block, to inform the device driver, rather than one interrupt per byte
Device controller
……………….. multiprocessing used by most systems
Symmetric
A software-generated interrupt (or ……….) occurs by executing a system call
trap
……….. are not associated with the operating system
Application Programs
Supports high performance computing better than multiprocessor systems
Symmetric clustering
……….. ensures that an update to some data in a cache is
reflected immediately in other caches containing a copy of that data
Cache coherency
……….. processors include device-specific processors, such as disk, keyboard, and graphics controllers
Special-purpose
A ………… interrupt (or trap) occurs by executing a system call
software-generated
In I/O operation, ………….. determines action to take based on registers
Device controller
………… are associated with the operating system
System programs
The interrupt vector is stored in low memory and holds the addresses of the ………….. (or interrupt handlers)
interrupt service routines
…………. divides a program into separate components to run in parallel
Parallelization
…………….. = kernel + system programs
Operating system
A …………. interrupt occurs by sending a signal to the CPU
hardware-generated
The main requirement for …………. is to be able to hold large quantities of data permanently (e.g. hard disk drive)
secondary storage
In I/O operation, ………… transfers data between device and its local buffer
Device controller
The interrupt handler must be executed when the interrupt occurs
(T/F)
True
A single processor system has only one ………. processor
general-purpose
……………. is the ability to continue providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware
Graceful degradation
most computer systems provide ………. as an extension of main memory
secondary storage
This scheme defines a boss-worker relationship
Asymmetric multiprocessing
A ……… can be set to interrupt the system after a specified period
timer
…………. processor cannot execute user processor
special-purpose
More efficient than multiple chips with single cores
Multicore Systems
Second step in instruction execution cycle:
………… the instruction, which may require fetching operands from
memory and store them in some CPU internal registers.
Decode
Increased reliability is crucial in many applications
(T/F)
True
Bootstrap Program is also known by the general term ……….
firmware
User defined code must execute in ………. mode
user
In I/O operation, ………….. generates an interrupt to inform the device driver
Device controller
More processors means less work in more time
(T/F)
False
A ………….. processor supports a complete instruction set
general-purpose
The ……….. is stored in low memory and holds the addresses of the interrupt service routines (or interrupt handlers)
interrupt vector
Multiple computing cores on a single chip
Multicore Systems
……. needs privileges so it can create and manage virtual machines
VMM
The ………….. is responsible for moving the data between the peripheral devices that it controls and its local buffer storage
device controller
The operating system provides a ………. that understands the device controller and provides a uniform interface to the device
device driver
All multiprocessor systems are multicore systems
(T/F)
False
The store instruction moves the content of a ………… to ……….
CPU register, RAM
Provides basic computing resources
Hardware
Sometimes, different modes are used by various kernel cT/F)
True
An ……….. is a signal that is generated when some event occurs
interrupt
A ………… indicates the current mode: kernel (0) or user (1)
mode bit
In ………………, While the device controller is transferring a whole data block, the CPU is available to accomplish other work
direct access memory
In ………………., Two or more nodes are running applications and are monitoring each other
Symmetric clustering
Protects the operating system from errant users
Dual-Mode Operation
ROM can be changed
(T/F)
False
Controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the application programs
Operating system (OS)
…………. can execute only in kernel mode
Privileged instructions
The ……… is the one program running at all times
Kernel
Initialize all aspects of the system (e.g. CPU, memory).
Bootstrap Program
Also known as parallel systems or tightly-coupled systems
Multiprocessor Systems
an advantage of multiprocessor systems is ………. means sharing peripherals, mass storage, and power supplies means less cost
Economy of scale
First step in instruction execution cycle:
………. the instruction from memory and store it in the CPU’s instruction register
Fetch
The main memory (or RAM) is implemented as ……….
DRAM
