Chapter 1

Question 1

define “race”

Answer 1

a social construct: categorization of humans based on physical or social qualities.

Question 2

statistically, is crime mostly inter-racial or intra-racial?

Answer 2

intra-racial

Question 3

How does Heather MacDonald explain racial disparities in the criminal justice system?

Answer 3

disproportionate involvement in crime

Question 4

How does Marc Mauer explain racial disparities in the criminal justice system?

Answer 4

Disproportionate involvement in crime

Disparities in criminal justice processing

Overlaps of race and class effects

Impact of race neutral policies

Question 5

Yinger uses a three-part definition of ethnicity. What are the three parts?

Answer 5

The group is perceived by others to be different with respect to such factors as language, religion, ancestral homeland, and other cultural elements

The group perceives itself to be different with respect to these factors

Members of the group ‘‘participate in shared activities built around their (real or mythical) common origin and culture.’’

Question 6

Is immigration enforced by the state or federal government?

Answer 6

federal government

Question 7

Is being undocumented a crime?

Answer 7

no, it is a civil offense.

Question 8

define disparity

Answer 8

a difference in level of treatment, not always about discrimination

Question 9

define discrimination

Answer 9

Differential treatment not based on behavior or qualification

Question 10

define systematic discrimination

Answer 10

discrimination within entire CJ system.

Question 11

define institutionalized discrimination

Answer 11

disparities based on established policies