Chapter 1 Flashcards by aryan ..

CIVILIZATION

Ancient Rulers : Babylonian Civilization

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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Transportation

Chariots, donkeys, horses and camels
Turnip or Guffa Boat wheel Guffa Boat

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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Communication

Pictograms
Cuneiform - A carefully cut writing implement known as stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions that represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later known as phonograms or `word-concepts’.

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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CONSERVATION OF LIFE

Ashipus “witch doctor”
Asus

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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ENGINEERING

Babylonian calendar had 12 lunar months (about 354 days)
Ancient Sumerians invented the sexagesimal system , later, brought it into use in their mathematical and astronomical systems.
“Sexagesimal system”; the numbering system we use to tell time today. This system operates on what matematicians call “base 60”

It was also this time that the composite bow was First thought to be used. Made of three basic layers of Dissimilar materials

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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ARCHITECTURE

Sculptors were compelled To use such substitutes as terra- cotta (baked clay)
Ziggurats ancient towering, stepped structures having the form of a terraced step pyramid
Irrigation systems canals, gated ditches, levees and gates to bring water to large stretches of territory through a widely branching network of canals

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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CIVILIZATION

Schools are only for elite and wealthy Only the sons of the nobility, government officials, priests and rich merchants went to school.

MESOPOTAMIA - is situated between two famous rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris

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CIVILIZATION

Donkeys, played a massive part when it comes to transportation, also used for carrying goods.
Carrying chairs were adapted and strapped to the back of donkeys as a sort of primitive saddle.
The Egyptian hieroglyphic script was one of the writing Systems used by ancient
Egyptian scribes used papyrus and other alternative writing surfaces, including writing boards generally made of wood.
PAPYRUS= the first paper in history that revolutionizes the literary world by producing a smooth, flexible writing material that can accept and retain ink without a blur or smudge
Cosmetic Makeup and Wigs
= They are the first nations that create perfumes, oils, and other beauty treatments. They combine soot with a lead mineral called galena to create a black ointment known as kohl. They also made green eye makeup by combining malachite with galena to tint the ointment.
Egyptian water clock or ‘clepsydra
= is filled with water, which leak out slowly indicating the passage of hours which differed according to the month and whether day or night.
Mummification
= a method of embalming or treating the dead body. It is important in their religion to preserve the dead body in as life-like a manner as possible

EGYPTIAN - Egypt is home to one of the oldest civilizations on earth. It thrives for thousands of years as an independent nation whose culture is famous for great cultural advances in every area of human knowledge, from the arts to science to technology and religion.

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CONSERVATION OF LIFE

developed their theory of
“channels” that carried air, water
and blood to the body by analogies
with the River Nile, crops would
become unhealthy if it is blocked.

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Engineering

The obelisks of ancient Egypt
Granite is hard and to shape it, you need something even harder.

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ARCHITECTURE

Pyramids
Tomb chamber of a pyramid
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens.

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The hanging Gardens of Babylon - a colossal maze of terraced trees, shrubs, flowers, and manmade waterfalls, is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION - The writings, literature, religion, art, architecture, and science of the Babylonians are unique in their own way. The Babylonians wrote around 2, 000 books on religion, science, mathematics, and astrology. They also excelled in the field of science. The priests carefully observed the sun, moon planet and star to forecast the future.

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Astronomy and Astrology

The zodiac is a - invention of great antiquity and eclipses of the sun and moon could be foretold.
The stars had been numbered and named at an early date. Advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge about constellations, distance from the earth to the sun, the solstices, and equinoxes, that the orbit of the earth was elliptical, the number of planets in our galaxy, among others.

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Calendar System

They use a calendar with alternating 29- and 30-day months. This system requires the addition of an extra month three times every eight years, and as a further adjustment the king periodically order the insertion of an additional extra month into the calendar

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Hippocrates is an ancient Greek physician one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is known as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field. Hippocrates is the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine.
Aristotle introduce the idea of the earth as a globe. He also classified animals and is the father of zoology.
Theophrastus is the first botanist, he outlines the basic concepts of morphology, classification, and the natural history of plants. He is also considered as father of ecology because he is the first to describe the interrelationships between organisms and the environment.
Archimedes discovered that submerging a solid object in water would displace the same amount of liquid as the object’s weight.

GREEK CIVILIZATION - The Greeks have so much influence in the early concepts of science that most symbols used in physics and math equations are derived from the Greek alphabet.

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Alarm clock is the first awakening device One of the most used gadgets is the alarm clock. Over time, the alarm clock has undergone changes and improvements from the mechanical alarm to modern gadgets like cell phones.

GREEK CIVILIZATION - The Greeks have so much influence in the early concepts of science that most symbols used in physics and math equations are derived from the Greek alphabet.

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Water mill - Ever since its invention, the water mill has seen several adaptations, which people use it to mill different raw materials.
These mills are still used in many parts of the world and serve a similar function. To mill means to grind, and that invariably means to grind grain. This in turn led to the production of edible food staples like rice, cereals, pulses, and flour.

GREEK CIVILIZATION - The Greeks have so much influence in the early concepts of science that most symbols used in physics and math equations are derived from the Greek alphabet.

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Architecture

The drainage pipes are mostly connected and are flushed regularly with the water running off from streams. They also have covered gutter systems that ensure that the streets stay without any form of contamination. Romans created aqueducts, used to tap water from the downhill flowing streams.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION - one of the greatest empires and influential civilizations of all time. Romans are always at the forefront of economy and aggression. Their engineering skills gave birth to numerous inventions, which served as a starting point to the development of many modern devices. Such historical importance can be attributed to being the largest city in the world of its time. The Roman Empire is a pioneer of technical development and many inventions.

TRANSPORTATION

*construction of roads
* a drainage ditch on each side and were crowned to shed water

Medicine and Health

Romans introduce cesarean section in surgical operation.
Their expertise in the medical field does not just end there, as they also devise procedures that can reduce blood loss and even aesthetical administrations.

Communication

empire’s ability to communicate among the masses.
Romans established their own means of communication in order to speak to large numbers of people at a time.

Codex - They used to inscribe current affairs into stones or metal slabs. These are placed in spots where people could read them. The use of papyrus or prehistoric paper is also limited to the problem of storing them. This is when Julius Caesar decided to build the collection of papyrus to form a codex. Codex carried the same purpose of newspapers, giving the Roman citizens the information, they need and the events of the day. This Roman invention widely used by the Christians to make codices of the bible.

Gunpowder
The first chemical explosive a gunpowder is not a sudden invention, it is invented by Chinese Taoist alchemists. They tried to find a potion to gain human immortality by mixing elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter.

Tea production
Tea is discovered in Ancient China by the Chinese emperor Shennong who likes to drink hot water. One day during his trip, he and his army stopped to rest. His servant prepared hot boiling water for him. The brown leaf fell into the water and the color of the water changed into brown. The servant presents it to the emperor. He drank it and found it refreshing.

ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION - eld leading positions in many fields in studying nature in the world they are innovative and determinant. Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and compass are the four great inventions in Ancient China. They also contributed countless other inventions to the world

TRANSPORTATION

Ox Carts/ Bullock carts – Used to wheelbarrow heavier carriages
Rickshaw – Powered transport by which a runner draw; a two- wheeled cart which seats on or two people.
Horse Carriages – Can endure pain longer than humans,used by persons of nobility

Communication

Oracle bones - Used animal bones to preserve messages, also used as papers and to communicate with their ancestors
Smoke signal - Used for giving signals, also for alerting allies for incoming enemies.

# Engineering **Seismograph** - The Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and astronomer Zhang Heng (78-139 AD) invented the first water- powered, rotating armillary sphere and catalogued 2500 stars and over 100 constellations. **Great Wall of China **(under the firstChinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang between 220 and 200 BC) - to protect from northern invaders. The glutinous rice flour is used as a binding material to bind the bricks. The 5500 miles length walls are built by the slaves, criminals, and peasants. It is estimated that more than millions of people worked to build the Great wall over 1000 years. Most of the great walls built in the Ming Dynasty period.

# Architecture Paintings and carvings Wooden posts, beams, lintels and joists make up the framework of a house.

**PRINTING** **PRESS** - The printing press is the most important invention of the Middle Ages. It wrenches control of information distribution from the State and the Church.

MEDIEVAL MIDDLE AGES

MICROSCOPE - Galileo Galilei cited as compound microscope inventor seems to have found after 1610 that he could close focus his telescope to view small objects and, after seeing a compound microscope built by Drebbel exhibited in Rome in 1624, built his own improved version. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for the compound microscope Galileo submitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1625 (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

MEDIEVAL MIDDLE AGES

# Engeneering weapons to suit the Knights, foot soldiers and archers in their Era. Chain Mail is an armor that provides protection from being cut by the opponents’ blade. It is effective against sharp and pointed section of the blades, spear, axe, and sword. It prevents the skin from being pierced which stop fatal infections.

MEDIEVAL MIDDLE AGES

wood remained the chief global fuel for centuries. The invention of the first modern steam engine, at the beginning of the 18th century, heralded the transformation from an agrarian to an industrial economy. Steam engines could be powered by either wood or coal, but coal quickly became the preferred fuel and it enabled massive growth in the scale of industrialization. Coal-fired steam locomotives dramatically reduced the time and cost of inland transportation, while steamships traversed oceans. Machines powered by coal enabled breakthroughs in productivity.

MODERN TIMES

Women mostly found jobs in domestic service, textile factories and piece workshops. They also work in the coal mines. The Industrial Revolution provide independent wages, mobility, and a better standard of living, however, factory work in the early years of the 19th century resulted in a life of hardship.

MODERN TIMES

The improvement of iron making techniques allow for a vast and higher production levels and better material. The textile industry is transformed by new machines. Developments in metallurgy and chemical production affected many industries. New and quicker transport networks are created because of the canals and railways. It allows products and materials to be moved cheaper and more efficiently.

MODERN TIMES

New city and factory cultures affect the family and peer groups. Rapid urbanization created debates and laws regarding child labor, public health and working conditions. Louis Pasteur is regarded as one of the greatest saviors of humanity. He is responsible in the discovery of pasteurization. Pasteur's systematic methods of research, scientific approach, and insight revolutionized science. His medical achievements mark him as the single most important figure in the history of medicine. This method is implemented to save wines and beers from diseases by heating at 55oC.

MODERN TIMES

The telephone by Alexander Graham Bell is a huge part of today’s culture. It has become more advanced technology today. It is the most common way of communication. It made business more efficient. It saves money from having to travel back and forth from distant places and made the transactions occur more quickly.

MODERN TIMES

# COMMUNICATION * Stentorophonic horn * Tablets that contain the alphabet Conservation of life * Men were expected to take an active part in the public life of the city. * Women were expected to lead a private life as wives and mothers. * Slavery was a central feature of life in Greece.

GREECE

# ENGINEERING [](http://) **Archimedes** was a famous Greek engineer * He was responsible for many important feats such as the Pulley, Axel, Wheel, and Screws. He also created the theory of water displacement and levers.

GREECE

# Architecture of the most formal type divided stylistically into 3orders * Doric Order - is recognized by its capital, of which the echinus is like a circular cushion rising from the top of the column to the square abacus on which rest the lintels. * Ionic Order - recognized by its voluted capital, in which a curved echinus of similar shape to that of the Doric Order, but decorated with stylized ornament, is surmounted by a horizontal band that scrolls under to either side, forming spirals or volutes similar to those of the nautilus shell or ram's horn. In plan, the capital is rectangular. * Corinthian Order - have its origin in wooden architecture. It grew directly out of the Ionic in the mid 5th century BC, and was initially of much the same style and proportion, but distinguished by its more ornate capitals

GREECE

* as early as 6,000 BC people were armed with * Clubs. Early axes were made of wood and stone.

STONE AGE

* Bows and arrows with spears, axes and clubs * Made of bronze and copper. Soldiers are also equipped

BRONZE AGE

CHINESE USED THE stone hurling machine. Traditional Chinese Military Uniforms from 2,200 years ago were old military Armour made from pieces of thin slate.

IRON AGE

PALAWAN'S TABON CAVE BAHAY KUBO

PRECOLONIAL ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

# TRANSPORTATION BALANGAY - is used to transport the early Filipinos and their cargoes to the various sections of the Philippine archipelago. The **barangay** was the Filipino’s earliest form of government. The term barangay was derived from the Malay word balangay, which means sailboat. ***Pasagad*** is a sled usually drawn by cattle or carabao. It is being used as a way of transporting rice grains, sugarcane, and corn out of the field. ***Kalesa*** is a type of horse-drawn carriage that was introduced during the Spanish colonial era. This mode of transport was reserved for the rich and powerful and was also considered the fastest way to get around the city.

PRECOLONIAL ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Sinaunang Baybayin Rajah Sulayman * Commander of the Philippines * Owned a 17 feet long iron cannon Kampilan sword * 900 - 1576 Lantakas or iron cannon * Massive fire * Used by Rajah Sulayman * Portable cannon Arquebuse guns * Appeared in Europe * Reverese engineered and build by Filipinos Made up of cordage, bamboo, tree bark, sharkskin, and water buffalo hide * Native weaponry Built by the moros, igorots and other ancient Filipinos * Strong fortresses * Called kota or moog

Philippine inventions Weapons & Armors