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intro to chemistry > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is chemistry

A

the study of matter and the changes it undergoes with the atom being its basic functional unit it is also the study of 2 comp, structure, properties, and reaction of matter.

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2
Q

what is matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

what 3 types is it classified into

A

element, compound, and molecule

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4
Q

what is an element

A

the simplest type of matter that is composed of 1 type of atom

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5
Q

what is a compound

A

matter composed of 2 or more diff elements that are chemically bonded together

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6
Q

what is a mixture

A

matter composed of elements and or compounds that are physically mixed together

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7
Q

what is a physical change

A

changes in the physical state of a substance without a change in composition ( what its made of)

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8
Q

examples of physical changes include

A

dissolving of a solute and mixing a substance

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9
Q

what are examples of dissolving a solute

A

chopping , cutting, tearing, breaking a material

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10
Q

what is an example of mixing a substance

A

crushing it

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11
Q

which change is a physical change
a. wood burning
b. iron rusting
c. dynamite exploding
d. dissolving sugar in water

A

d. dissolving sugar

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12
Q

which of the following is a chemical change
a. melting wax
b. cooking an egg
c. condensing water vapor
d. carving a piece of wood

A

b. cooking an egg
ie if were burning cooking or baking were changing the chemical bonds

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13
Q

pure substance

A

is in the classification of matter: single composition

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14
Q

is an element separable into simpler substance

A

NO examples O2

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15
Q

Is a compound separatable into simpler substances

A

yes examples H20 can be separated

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16
Q

mixtures

A

are a variable composition in the classification of matter

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17
Q

is heterogenous mixtures in a uniform comp

A

No it is not it is comp of diff sub like oil and water

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18
Q

is homogenous mixs in a uniform comp

A

yes it is for example air because it is comp of alot of diff things but it all looks the same to us

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19
Q

consider the following subs
1. Gatorade
2. crystalline sugar
3. lead wire
4. salsa

A

when it comes to classification of matter thing of it in terms of comp then we can separate into categories
2 and 3 1 is a homogenous

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20
Q

which of the following is true
a. compounds can only be broken by chemical means
b. gasoline is a pure substance
c. only elements are pure substances.
d. milk is a homogenous
e. concrete is homogenous

A

a. compounds can only be broken by chemical means

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21
Q

choose the homogenous mix
1. soda
2. smog
3. trail mix
4. blood
5. air

A

air

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22
Q

choose the homogenous mix
a. chicken noodle soup
b. coffee
c. sand
d. fruit salad
e. seawater

A

coffee

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23
Q

classify each of the following as an element, compound , or mixture
a. ammonia NH3
b. gold bar
c. orange juice
d.wine
e.saline solution

A

q. compound
b. element
c.mixture
d.mixture
e. mixture

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24
Q

basically what is a chemical change

A

it changes the identity of your substance

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25
Q

examples of chemical changes

A

rusting of metal
burning of material
metabolism of food
chemical reactions
color change
odor change

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26
Q

which of the following is a physical change
a. milk sours when left out of the fridge
b. tums ( has CaCO3) neutralizes stomach acid
c. sugar caramelizing when heated on a skillet
d. tearing a piece if paper

A

d. tearing a piece of paper

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27
Q

what is a reversible change

A

a change that can be reversed to restore the original structure of a given compound

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28
Q

examples of reversible changes include

A

phase changes, dissolving of compounds in a liquid,and physical changes most common ex of a phase change is CO2 (s) to CO2 (g)

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29
Q

bond forming phase change is

A

molecules within our substance are coming closer together and forming connections

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30
Q

gas to liquid is called

A

condensation

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31
Q

liquid to solid is called

A

freezing

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32
Q

gas to solid is called

A

deposition because your depositing a solid

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33
Q

bond breaking is

A

can break bonds going through the diff phases of matter

34
Q

solid to liquid is called

A

melting or fusion

35
Q

liquid to gas is called

A

vaporization

36
Q

solid to gas

A

is called sublimation

37
Q

irreversible change is

A

something that is permanent cannot be undone to restore original structure

38
Q

irreversible changes deal with

A

chemical changes that change the identity of our original material
ex - N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) to 2NH3 (g)
the result is chemically bonded it is an irreversible process

39
Q

are the following processes reversible (physical change) or irreversible (chemical change)?
a. dissolving sugar in water
b. adding lemon juice to cabbage juice (causes the color to transition from purple to deep red)
c. adding citrus to baking powder
d. mixing oil and water

A

a. reversible
b. irreversible
c. irreversible
d. reversible

40
Q

which of the following represents a reversible change?
a. melting a chocolate bar then re solidifying it in the freezer
b. changing water vapor into oxygen and hydrogen gas
c. turning a potato into french fries
d. baking a cake from a recipe

A

a. melting a chocolate bar then freezing it

41
Q

a chemical property is

A

a property of matter that is observed during a chemical reaction. the matter us changed into a new substance after the reaction.
ex - 2 CH3OH (g) + 3O2 (g) to 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

42
Q

reactants are

A

are before the arrow 2 CH3OH (g) + 3O2 (g) arrow 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

43
Q

products are

A

after the arrow are products 2 CH3OH (g) + 3O2 (g) arrow 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

44
Q

chemical properties

A

are in some way related to chemical reactions (changes)

45
Q

common types of chemical properties

A

flammability, toxicity, corrosion, reactivity, radioactivity, solubility ( how are solid compound the liquid and solid how they interact with one another) if its soluble its broken down by liquid

46
Q

which of the following is not a chemical property for an unknown element ?
a. it has a yellow orange color
b. it is very soluble in an acid solution
c. it is radioactive
d. it experiences rusting when exposed to pure oxygen gases
e. it has a high reactivity with acids

A

a.

47
Q

which of the following represents a chemical property of hydrogen gas?
a. it exists as a gas at room temperature
b. it is less dense than air
c. it reacts explosively with oxygen gas
d. it is a colorless gas
e. it is a tasteless molecule

A

c. it reacts explosively with oxygen gas

48
Q

what is a substance

A

just another word for matter

49
Q

what is a chemical

A

a substance that always has the same comp and properties wherever it is found. ex - toothpaste is an ex of many chemicals

50
Q

what is structure

A

how it is put together

51
Q

what are properties

A

what characteristics it has

52
Q

what are reactions

A

how it behaves with other substances

53
Q

which of the following does not contain chemicals
a. sunlight
b. fruit
c. milk
d. breakfast cereal

A

a. is correct because its energy given off by sun so has no chemicals

54
Q

what is scientific method

A

a set of general principle’s that helps to describe how a scientist thinks

55
Q

how is the scientific method organized

A

observations, hypothesis, expieriments, conclusion/theory

56
Q

how are observations made

A

by asking questions about nature about what you observe if an observation seems to be always true can be stated as a law but we cannot always see why this law happens

57
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a possible explanation for observations

58
Q

what are experiments

A

to determine if hypothesis is true or not to see correlation between the hypothesis and observation can confirm it but if not can be modified or discarded

59
Q

what is a conclusion/theory

A

when results of an experiment is analyzed a conclusion tells us whether they are true or false

60
Q

identify the following as a observation, hypothesis, experiment, or conclusion,
a. during an assessment nurse writes a patients pulse as 30 bpm
b. repeated studies show that lowering sodium in the diet leads to decrease in bp
c. a nurse thinks an incision from a surgery that is red and swollen is infected

A

a. observation
b. conclusion
c. hypothesis

61
Q

place value ex

A

ones place value is first to the left of decimal tens is 2nd hundreds is 3rd and thousands is 4th

62
Q

place value tenths ex

A

tenths is 1st to right of decimal hundredths is 2nd to right and thousandths is 3rd to right

63
Q

what is place value for each digit 0.925

A

9 is in tenths 2 is in hundredths and 5 is in thousandths

64
Q

how to calc percentage

A

divide the parts by the total (whole) and multiply by 100%
ex - 325 mg of asprin / 545 mg tablet X 100 = 59.6 %of asprin in tablet

65
Q

why is the value of 100% used in the calculation of percentage?

A

because it represents parts of an item in 100 of those items.
ex - 5% of red balls 5/100

66
Q

solving equations 2x+8=14

A

place all like terms on one side, isolate variable you need to solve for, then check answer

67
Q

what is scientific notation

A

used to turn small or large numbers into manage numbers

68
Q

what is a coefficient of 6.88 x 10^-12

A

beginning part of the value that is greater than 1 and less than 10 in this case it’s 6.88

69
Q

what is the base of 6.88 x 10^-12

A

the portions that is always 10

70
Q

what is the exponent of 6.88 x 10^-12

A

the number of decimals that were moved in order to create the scientific notation value -12 must be a whole number integer

71
Q

which of the following is correct
a.1.25 x 10 ^-1/4
b.0.00320 x 10 ^-9
c.5.220 x 10 ^3
d.7.3000 x 2^7

A

c. 5.220 x 10 ^3

72
Q

what is standard notation

A

normal way of writing number

73
Q

what does a positive exponent tell you

A

it means the coefficient number is larger and the decimal point is moved to the right ex - 7.17 x 10^5 = 717,000

74
Q

what does a negative exponent tell you

A

it means the coefficient number is smaller and the decimal is moved to the left ex - 3.25 x 10 ^-7 = .000000325

75
Q

convert the following values into standard notation
a.1.25 x 10^-4
b.3.20 x 10 ^-9
c.1.6100x 10 ^4

A

a. .000125
b. .00000000320
c. 16,100

76
Q

to convert from standard notation to scientific notation the number must be

A

between 1 and 10

77
Q

increasing the coefficient value makes the exponent value ex - 0.0000145

A

decrease ex - answer 1.45 x 10 ^-5

78
Q

decreasing the coefficient value makes the exponent value ex -

A

increase answer ex - 1.01325000 x 10^8

79
Q

Convert the following standard notation values into scientific notation.
a. 377,000
b. 0.000101
c. 707.82

A

a. 3.77000 x 10^5
b. 1.01 x 10^-4
c. 7.0782 x 10^2

80
Q
A

intro to chemistry (5 decks)

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