Chapter 1 Flashcards
Photography is derived from Greek words, “photo or phos” which means____ and “graphy or graphos or graphien”, which means ____________. Thus literally,
photography means “to draw with light”.
Light, to draw or writing
In technical aspect Photography is defined as follows:
• As an Art
• As a Science
• As a Technology
• As a Process
Photography is the art of taking pictures.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN ART
Photography is the study concerning the duplication of images
through the action of light, upon sensitized materials (photographic paper or film)
with the aid of mechanical device (camera) and its accessories, and the chemical processes (film developing and printing) involved therein
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE
Photography is the technology geared towards the reproduction
of images by using the action of light on a sensitive surface (photographic film) with the help of an image forming device (camera) and the chemical process (developing
and printing) involved therein
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A TECHNOLOGY
Photography is the method of using light to produce identical image
of an object that can be preserved permanently by employing:
a. Camera – to RAF (regulate, absorb and filter) light;
b. Film (sensitized material) – to record light.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A PROCESS
Refers to the chemical, mechanical or electronic product of photography.
PHOTOGRAPH
Refers to technical concepts and principles which
includes:
a. characteristics of photographic rays;
b. the use of camera;
e. structure of film and photographic papers;
f. chemical processing and;
g. others.
TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
The study of general practices, methods or techniques of taking pictures of the crime scene, physical evidences and other circumstances that can be used as evidences or for law enforcement purposes.
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Refers to the field covering the legal application of photography in criminal jurisprudence and criminal investigation.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Objectives of Police Photography
- To produce a pictorial record of everything pertaining to the crime.
- To help in keeping the police officer’s memory accurately as possible as to where he find things.
- To help in securing and obtaining confession, disposition and information relating to the case.
Photographs are necessary to preserve:
Space
Time
Event
Application of Photography in Police Work
- Identification
- Evidence and Court exhibits
- Offender detection
- Reproduction or copying
- Personal training
- Crime and Fire Prevention Hazard
- Public relations
this is the very first use of photography in police work. It is used to identify criminals, missing persons, lost property, licenses, anonymous letters, bank checks, laundry marks, and the civilian or personnel fingerprint identification.
IDENTIFICATION
crime scenes, traffic accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, objects of evidence, latent fingerprints, evidential traces can frequently be improved by contrast control (lighting, film, and paper filters), by magnification (photography) or by invisible radiation (infra – red, ultraviolet, x – rays)
EVIDENCE AND COURT EXIBITS
surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re – enactments of crime.
OFFENDER DETECTION
Questionable checks and documents, evidential papers, photographs, official records and notices.
REPRODUCTION OR COPYING
photographs and films relating to police tactics, investigation techniques, mob control, and catastrophe situation.
PERSONAL TRAINING
lectures, security clearance detection device, photos of hazardous fire conditions made when prevention inspection are made
CRIME AND FIRE PREVENTION HAZARD
film pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic education, public cooperation and civil defense.
PUBLIC RELATIONS
A Chinese Philisopher who is mention in the first surviving principles behind the pinhole camera or camera obscura who referred to a device as a collecting plate or locked treasure room.
- Mozi “Mo – ti” (470 –
391 B1C)
A famous Greek Philosopher who invented the first pinhole camera that was known later as Camera Obscura (Italian word for darkroom chamber) which is literally translated as Darkened Box.
Aristotle (347 – 322
BC)
An Arabian scholar who found out that light entering a small hole on the wall or shuttered window of a darkened room cast an upside down picture of the scene outside onto the opposite wall. He used this in observing the solar eclipse by entering a darkroom with a pinhole opening to avoid harming the eye.
Alhazen “Ibn Al –
Haytham” (965 – 1039
AD)
He wrote a book entitled “La pratica della perspettiva” on perspective for artists and architects. This work describes how to use a lens with a camera obscura.He introduced the use of the lens in the camera.
Daniele Matteo Alvise
Barbaro (1568)
An English Philosopher, Mathematician, and Physicist who discovered and proved that the strongest light is white light.
Sir Isaac Newton (1666)
A German Scientist (Anatomist) discovered the Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light it turns purple. He got interesting in his finding and that fair later, he discovered that the evening action was not due to the heat but light. He finally concluded that silver nitrate is sensitive to light and capable of producing images
Johann Heinrich Schulze (1727)
An artist and scientist who in his Pseudo Science Magic had made use of the Camera Obscura and
replaced the hole with a lens which made the image brighter and sharper. He was the first one who introduced the lens
Jean Baptiste Forta (1748-1796)
He discovered that Silver Chloride is more sensitive than silver nitrate and thus, more capable of recording and producing images.
Thomas Wedgwood (1802)
He was able to obtain camera images on papers sensitized with silver chloride solution in 1816. However, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. He invented a photographic process which he called heliography meaning writing of the sun.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1816)
He coined the term photographie
Hercules Florence(1834)
He invented Daguerreotype, an early photograph produced on at silver or silver covered copper plate. It formed an image directly on the silver surface of a metal plate. It was a positive process, thus, it yielded one of a kind images
Louis-Jacques- Daguerre (1837)
He succeeded in contact printings made in his miniature cameras (mouse-trap cameras) through a process called photogenic drawing. He invented a process called Calotype, a photographic process by which a large number of prints could be produced from a paper negative. Calotype use paper with surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds. He also discovered the latent image, the invisible product of a short exposure which could be chemically developed
William Henry Fox Talbot (1839)
He coined the term Photography and applied the terms negative and positive to photography. He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the Cyanotype process using Ferric Ammonium Citrate and Potassium Ferricyanide, the precursors of the modern blueprint process. Father of Photography
John Frederick William Herschel (1839)
An American artist and inventor. He is the reason why Photography arrived in the United States. Morse visited Daguerre in Paris in March 1839 and observed a demonstration of the daguerreotype process. Morse returned to the United States to spread the news
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1839)
He introduced a process of negatives on glass using albumen as a binding medium.
Abel Niepce de Saint - Victor (1848)
He introduced a printing paper coated with albumen to achieve a glossy surface. Albumen print is also called albumen silver print. Albumen is found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century, with a peak in the 18601 -90 periods.
Louis Désiré Blanquart - Evrard (1850)
A Scottish scientist who developed stereoscopic photography involved in making pairs of negatives and prints to replicate the process of human vision.
Sir David Brewster (1850-1860)
He invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion. Collodion is a wound dressing material made of nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and alcohol and other chemicals on sheet of glass.
Frederick Scott Archer (1851)
He popularized the small cheap portrait. Anyone who could afford a picture of himself or herself.
Andre Adolphe - Eugène Disdéri (1854)
He first constructed an enlarger. It was cumbersome object. The sun was collected by means of a convex lens and the camera has to be turned with the sun. This design became the model for a number of solar cameras
David A. Woodward (1857)
He took the first aerial photographs of Paris from a free balloon in 1858. Father of aerial photography
Gaspard Felix Tournachon AKA Nadar (1858)
He is considered the Father of photojournalism. When the American Civil War broke out, he was able to preserve the scene with the use of a camera
Mathew B. Brady (1861)
He produced the earliest color photograph, an image of a tartan ribbon by having it photographed three times through red, blue, and yellow filters, then recombining the images into one color through red, blue, and yellow composite, because of this photograph Maxwell is credited as the founder of the theory of additive color
James Clerk Maxwell (1861)
He made an apparatus for enlarging by electric light and showed it to the Paris Photographic Society in 1861
Louis Jules Duboscq (1851)
He first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes. Early photography of accused and arrested persons were beautifully posed as example of the Victorian photographers at 20 to 30 years. Later, every major police force in England and United States has Rogues Gallery which became integral part in almost all police departments
Odelbrecht (1864)
He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880, England.
William de Wiveleslie Abney (1880)
He successfully introduced the plate with gelatine. The roll film. came and new brands of cameras with different lenses and mechanism were placed in the market
Richard Leach Maddox (1884)
He marketed the first negative film to use celluloid, transparent and flexible as the support for his gelatine emulsion.
John Carbutt (1888)
He discovered x-ray photography which later become the basis of Radiograph used by the doctors in measuring the heartbeat and see the other structure of the body.
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen or Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (1895)
He founded the Eastman Kodak company and invented roll film, helping bring photography to the mainstream. Mr. Eastman developed in 1900 the Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera.
George Eastman (1990)
A German scientist who contributed heavily to the use of photography in forensic science and established the world’s earliest crime laboratory that serviced the academic community and the Swiss Police
Dr. Rudolphe Archibald Reiss (1902)
He won the Nobel Laureate in Physics for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, also known as Lippmann Plate
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann
(1908)
He developed a method of photographic comparison of bullets and cartridge cases which act as an early foundation of the field of ballistics.
Victor Baltazard (1910)
He introduced Polaroid - one step photography
Edwin H. Land (1947)
He invented LASER, making holography possible in 1947
Dennis Gabor (1960)
He developed the first prototype for a digital camera; it was eight pounds and about the size of a toaster. He received a patent for it in 1978, and continued to work in the emerging field, finding ways to store, transmit, and manipulate digital images. Today, a majority of Americans own digital cameras, many as close as their mobile phones
Steven J. Sasson (1975)
fixation in calotype was only partial while images in daguerreotype were made permanent with the use of hypo
Calotype vs. Daguerre
a hygroscopic (readily taken up and retaining moisture) crystalline salt used especially as a photographic fixing agent and a reducing or bleaching agent.)
Sodium thiosulfate or hypo
Italian scholars used the camera as a drawing apparatus. Instead of using a darkroom, they used box with a leans and placed a mirrors
16th century
Camera Obscura was built-in with convex lens
17th century
Thomas Wedgwood and Humphey Davy produced photograms.
1800
The birth year of modern photography, the year when the Science of Photography became a public knowledge
1839
French Police used daguerreotypes for personal identification of known criminals
1841
The earliest evidence of photographic documentation of prison inmates in Belgium and in 1851 in Denmark
1843-1844
The year when photography was already well-developed. It was used as an art concerned with landscape, portraiture and architectural presentation
1850
In the United States, one of the earliest applied Forensic Science was in photography. It was used to demonstrate evidence in a California Case. Enlarged photographs of a signature were presented in a court case involving forgery
1859
The first recorded use of accident photography which was admitted as evidence regarding an injured horse and at buggy.
1875
Full corrected lens were introduced
1890
The first mass-marketed camera
1900
Will West case of Leavenworth
highlight the value of fingerprints. It proves it worth in personal identification and showing the fallibility of the three systems; The name, Bertillon system and photographs
1903
A plate was placed on the market that could reproduce all colors in equivalent shades of gray.
1906
In Denver, Colorado, all intoxicated persons were photographed at the Police station
1907
The State of Massachusetts approved the use of photographic speed recorders to detect speeding motorists
1910
The first 35mm still camera was developed.
1913-1914
Photoflash bulbs were used and readily accepted by the public
1930
Eastman Kodak Company markets Kodachrome film and in 1941 they introduce Kodacolor negative film. Later in 1954, They introduce high speed Tri-X film
1935
Underwater camera for US Navy was developed
1960
LASER was invented making possible holograms tridimensional pictures
1960
Polaroid Company introduced their Polacolor film makin it possible to take finished color pictures in less than at minute
1963
The introduction of the fully automatic electronic flash
1965
The beginning of the use of video tapes as legal evidence.
1967
Photograph of the Earth from the moon was done
1968
Colored photography has matured as an artistic medium.
1970
Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the SX-70 camera.
1973
George Eastman and Edwin Land were introduced into the National Inventor Hall of Fame.
1977
Konica introduces first point - and shoot autofocus camera.
1978
Sony demonstrates first digital electronic still camera
1980
Pixar introduces digital imaging processor.
1985
Eastman Kodak Company announces Photo CD as a digital image storage medium
1990
Arrival of true digital cameras.
1998
Photograph was used to prove that title was in fact a forgery
Luco vs. US (1859)
Photographs were admitted as evidence in a civil suit involving a train wreck
Lock vs. The Sioux City and P.R.R. (1877)
One of the first cases to hold that arelevant photograph of an injured person on auto accidents was admissible as evidence
Redden vs. Gates (1879)
One of the early uses of firearms identification is recorded, photographs of a bullet taken from a murdered man was put in evidence along with a photograph of a test bullet.
Commonwealth vs. Best (1902)
Use of fingerprint photographs for identification purposes was approved, although 1882 was the year in which fingerprint were officially used in US
People vs. Jennings (1911)
Ultraviolet photography was approved in a decision handed down, picture showed footprints in a linoleum floor and brought out distinctive marks of the soles of the shoes worn by a defendant
State vs. Thorp (1934)
Historic event in police photography in the passing upon the admissibility of colored photography
Green vs. County of Denver (1943)
Beginning of the use of video tapes as legal evidence in the Philippines.
Cabangis vs. City of Manila (1967)
Types of Photography
- Forensic Photography
- Photomicrography
- Microphotography
- Photomacrography
- Macro Photography
- Ultraviolet Photography
- Infrared Photography
- X-ray Photography
- Flash Photography
- Streak Photography
- Night time Photography
- High-Speed Photography and Cinematography
- Aerial Photography
- Underwater Photography
- Astronomical Photography
- Microfilming
- Mug shot Photography
- Thermo Photography
- Telephotography
This refers to recording crime scene or any other objects for court presentation
Forensic Photography
This refers to the process of taking photographs through a microscope, a camera is mounted directly above the microscope’s eyepiece
Photomicrography
This refers to the technique of duplicating and reducing a picture
or a document to a miniature size for storage.
Microphotography
This is the direct enlarging to the negative and magnified from 1 -9 times
Photomacrography
This refers to close-up photography that produces images on the film that are life-size
Macro photography
This refers to an ultraviolet light source that is used to illuminate the object and the camera lens is provided with a filter that permits only the passage of ultraviolet light. The second method makes use of fluorescence caused by ultraviolet light; a filter used on the camera absorbs ultraviolet light and allows the passage of the fluorescent light
Ultraviolet photography
This is with special dyes, photographic emulsions can be made sensitive to light in the invisible infrared portion of the spectrum Infrared light cuts through atmospheric haze and enables clear photographs to be taken from long distances or high altitudes because any objects radiates in infrared light, it can be photographed in complete darkness. Infrared photographic techniques are used whenever small differences in temperatures or in absorption or reflection capabilitiesfor infrared light have to be detected
Infrared photography
This refers to photographic recording of X-ray pictures called radiography has become an important diagnostic tool in medicine. Radiography, using very energetic X-rays or gamma rays is also employed to detect welding defects and structural defects in pressure vessels, pipes and mechanical parts especially those that are critical for safety reasons as in nuclear power plants, airplanes and submarines
X-ray photography
This refers to taking of photographs with light burst photography that illuminates its subject with a brief flash of artificial light.
Flash photography
This refers to photography that traces movement by either the camera or the subject being move during exposure.
Streak photography
This refers to photography without flash which is now possible with many modem cameras, but the long exposure time requires to used fast film
Night time photography
This refers to photography using
modern cameras that allow exposure with shutter speeds of up to 1/1,000 second. Shorter exposure times can be attained by illuminating the object with a short light flash In 1913 the American engineer Harold E. Edgerton developed an electronic strobe light with which he produced flashed of 1/500,000 second enabling him to photograph a bullet in flight. By the use of a series of flashes, the progressive stages of objects in motion, such as a flying bird can be recorded on the same piece of film
High-speed photography and Cinematography
This refers to photography using special cameras that are often equipped with several lenses and large film magazines and set in vibrating-free mountings on aero planes. Cameras mounted in satellites are also used for such photography. A special application of aerial photography is military surveillance and reconnaissance, some reconnaissance satellites are equipped with cameras having objectives of long focal lengths that produce image of very high resolution on which cars or even smaller objects can be recognized
Aerial photography
This refers to special underwater cameras in pressure resistant housings are also used in deep-sea exploration
Underwater photography
This refers photography that places the photographic plate in the focal plane of a telescope. Astronomers can obtain precise records of the location and brightness of celestial bodies.
Astronomical photography
This refers to photography that consists of photographically reducing images to a very small size. An early application was the photographing of bank cheques in the 1920s; now the technique is widely used to store information that would otherwise require too much space
Microfilming
This refers usually for personal identification which is the first use of photography in police work
Mug shot Photography
This refers to a kind of photography wherein we use laser beam radiation using laser beam film.
Thermo Photography
This refers to the process of taking photograph of a far object with the aid of a long focus and Telephoto lens
Telephotography
