Chapter 1 Flashcards
Photography is derived from Greek words, “photo or phos” which means____ and “graphy or graphos or graphien”, which means ____________. Thus literally,
photography means “to draw with light”.
Light, to draw or writing
In technical aspect Photography is defined as follows:
• As an Art
• As a Science
• As a Technology
• As a Process
Photography is the art of taking pictures.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN ART
Photography is the study concerning the duplication of images
through the action of light, upon sensitized materials (photographic paper or film)
with the aid of mechanical device (camera) and its accessories, and the chemical processes (film developing and printing) involved therein
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE
Photography is the technology geared towards the reproduction
of images by using the action of light on a sensitive surface (photographic film) with the help of an image forming device (camera) and the chemical process (developing
and printing) involved therein
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A TECHNOLOGY
Photography is the method of using light to produce identical image
of an object that can be preserved permanently by employing:
a. Camera – to RAF (regulate, absorb and filter) light;
b. Film (sensitized material) – to record light.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A PROCESS
Refers to the chemical, mechanical or electronic product of photography.
PHOTOGRAPH
Refers to technical concepts and principles which
includes:
a. characteristics of photographic rays;
b. the use of camera;
e. structure of film and photographic papers;
f. chemical processing and;
g. others.
TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
The study of general practices, methods or techniques of taking pictures of the crime scene, physical evidences and other circumstances that can be used as evidences or for law enforcement purposes.
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Refers to the field covering the legal application of photography in criminal jurisprudence and criminal investigation.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Objectives of Police Photography
- To produce a pictorial record of everything pertaining to the crime.
- To help in keeping the police officer’s memory accurately as possible as to where he find things.
- To help in securing and obtaining confession, disposition and information relating to the case.
Photographs are necessary to preserve:
Space
Time
Event
Application of Photography in Police Work
- Identification
- Evidence and Court exhibits
- Offender detection
- Reproduction or copying
- Personal training
- Crime and Fire Prevention Hazard
- Public relations
this is the very first use of photography in police work. It is used to identify criminals, missing persons, lost property, licenses, anonymous letters, bank checks, laundry marks, and the civilian or personnel fingerprint identification.
IDENTIFICATION
crime scenes, traffic accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, objects of evidence, latent fingerprints, evidential traces can frequently be improved by contrast control (lighting, film, and paper filters), by magnification (photography) or by invisible radiation (infra – red, ultraviolet, x – rays)
EVIDENCE AND COURT EXIBITS
surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re – enactments of crime.
OFFENDER DETECTION
Questionable checks and documents, evidential papers, photographs, official records and notices.
REPRODUCTION OR COPYING
photographs and films relating to police tactics, investigation techniques, mob control, and catastrophe situation.
PERSONAL TRAINING
lectures, security clearance detection device, photos of hazardous fire conditions made when prevention inspection are made
CRIME AND FIRE PREVENTION HAZARD
film pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic education, public cooperation and civil defense.
PUBLIC RELATIONS
A Chinese Philisopher who is mention in the first surviving principles behind the pinhole camera or camera obscura who referred to a device as a collecting plate or locked treasure room.
- Mozi “Mo – ti” (470 –
391 B1C)
A famous Greek Philosopher who invented the first pinhole camera that was known later as Camera Obscura (Italian word for darkroom chamber) which is literally translated as Darkened Box.
Aristotle (347 – 322
BC)
An Arabian scholar who found out that light entering a small hole on the wall or shuttered window of a darkened room cast an upside down picture of the scene outside onto the opposite wall. He used this in observing the solar eclipse by entering a darkroom with a pinhole opening to avoid harming the eye.
Alhazen “Ibn Al –
Haytham” (965 – 1039
AD)
He wrote a book entitled “La pratica della perspettiva” on perspective for artists and architects. This work describes how to use a lens with a camera obscura.He introduced the use of the lens in the camera.
Daniele Matteo Alvise
Barbaro (1568)
An English Philosopher, Mathematician, and Physicist who discovered and proved that the strongest light is white light.
Sir Isaac Newton (1666)
A German Scientist (Anatomist) discovered the Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light it turns purple. He got interesting in his finding and that fair later, he discovered that the evening action was not due to the heat but light. He finally concluded that silver nitrate is sensitive to light and capable of producing images
Johann Heinrich Schulze (1727)
An artist and scientist who in his Pseudo Science Magic had made use of the Camera Obscura and
replaced the hole with a lens which made the image brighter and sharper. He was the first one who introduced the lens
Jean Baptiste Forta (1748-1796)
He discovered that Silver Chloride is more sensitive than silver nitrate and thus, more capable of recording and producing images.
Thomas Wedgwood (1802)
He was able to obtain camera images on papers sensitized with silver chloride solution in 1816. However, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. He invented a photographic process which he called heliography meaning writing of the sun.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1816)
He coined the term photographie
Hercules Florence(1834)
He invented Daguerreotype, an early photograph produced on at silver or silver covered copper plate. It formed an image directly on the silver surface of a metal plate. It was a positive process, thus, it yielded one of a kind images
Louis-Jacques- Daguerre (1837)
He succeeded in contact printings made in his miniature cameras (mouse-trap cameras) through a process called photogenic drawing. He invented a process called Calotype, a photographic process by which a large number of prints could be produced from a paper negative. Calotype use paper with surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive compounds. He also discovered the latent image, the invisible product of a short exposure which could be chemically developed
William Henry Fox Talbot (1839)
He coined the term Photography and applied the terms negative and positive to photography. He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the Cyanotype process using Ferric Ammonium Citrate and Potassium Ferricyanide, the precursors of the modern blueprint process. Father of Photography
John Frederick William Herschel (1839)
An American artist and inventor. He is the reason why Photography arrived in the United States. Morse visited Daguerre in Paris in March 1839 and observed a demonstration of the daguerreotype process. Morse returned to the United States to spread the news
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1839)
He introduced a process of negatives on glass using albumen as a binding medium.
Abel Niepce de Saint - Victor (1848)
He introduced a printing paper coated with albumen to achieve a glossy surface. Albumen print is also called albumen silver print. Albumen is found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century, with a peak in the 18601 -90 periods.
Louis Désiré Blanquart - Evrard (1850)
A Scottish scientist who developed stereoscopic photography involved in making pairs of negatives and prints to replicate the process of human vision.
Sir David Brewster (1850-1860)
He invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion. Collodion is a wound dressing material made of nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and alcohol and other chemicals on sheet of glass.
Frederick Scott Archer (1851)
He popularized the small cheap portrait. Anyone who could afford a picture of himself or herself.
Andre Adolphe - Eugène Disdéri (1854)
He first constructed an enlarger. It was cumbersome object. The sun was collected by means of a convex lens and the camera has to be turned with the sun. This design became the model for a number of solar cameras
David A. Woodward (1857)
He took the first aerial photographs of Paris from a free balloon in 1858. Father of aerial photography
Gaspard Felix Tournachon AKA Nadar (1858)
He is considered the Father of photojournalism. When the American Civil War broke out, he was able to preserve the scene with the use of a camera
Mathew B. Brady (1861)
He produced the earliest color photograph, an image of a tartan ribbon by having it photographed three times through red, blue, and yellow filters, then recombining the images into one color through red, blue, and yellow composite, because of this photograph Maxwell is credited as the founder of the theory of additive color
James Clerk Maxwell (1861)
He made an apparatus for enlarging by electric light and showed it to the Paris Photographic Society in 1861
Louis Jules Duboscq (1851)
He first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes. Early photography of accused and arrested persons were beautifully posed as example of the Victorian photographers at 20 to 30 years. Later, every major police force in England and United States has Rogues Gallery which became integral part in almost all police departments
Odelbrecht (1864)
He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a developing agent in 1880, England.
William de Wiveleslie Abney (1880)
He successfully introduced the plate with gelatine. The roll film. came and new brands of cameras with different lenses and mechanism were placed in the market
Richard Leach Maddox (1884)
