Chapter 1

Question 1

Cell membrane (general)

Answer 1

Barrier that seperates the inside of the cell from the outside environemtn

Question 2

Cell wall (general)

Answer 2

present in most microbes, confers structural strength

Question 3

cytoplasm (general)

Answer 3

fluid that fills cells (water, solutes, enzymes)

Question 4

Genetic material (general)

Answer 4

ds DNA in all cells, stores information for structure of all cells proteins

Question 5

Ribosomes (general)

Answer 5

all cells, sites of protein synthesis

Question 6

RNA (general)

Answer 6

all cells, 3 types play role in protein synthese, 1 type in genetic regulation

Question 7

Domain Bacteria

Answer 7

Usually single celled. Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan. Lack a memebrane bound nucleus. Ubiquitous and some live in extreme environments. Cyanobacteria and some others produce amounts of significant oxygen.

Question 8

Domain Archaea

Answer 8

Distinguished from Bacteria by unique rRNA sequences. Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls. Have unique membrane lipids. Some have unusual metabolic characteristics. Many live in extreme env.

Question 9

Domain Eukarya

Answer 9

Protists- generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea

Fungi- chemohetereotroph absorbs

Question 10

Acellular Infectious Agents

Viruses

Answer 10

smallest of all microbes, requires host cell to replicate, cause range of diseases, some cancers

Question 11

Acellular Infectious Agents

Viroids and Virusoids

Answer 11

Infectious agents composed of RNA

Question 12

Acellular Infectious Agents

Prions

Answer 12

infectious proteins

Question 13

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 13

first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately

Question 14

Spontaneous generation

Answer 14

living organism can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Question 15

Louis Pasteur

Answer 15

Placed nutrient solutions in flasks. Created flasks with long, curved necks. Boiled the solutions. Left flaaks exposed to air. Results= no growth of microorganisms.

Also demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity. Showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan. Developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage, developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Question 16

John Tyndall

Answer 16

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms, showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air, also provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat resistant forms of bacteria

Question 17

Germ theory

Answer 17

Belief that certain diseases were caused by microrganisms, not immediately obvious,

Question 18

Joseph Lister

Answer 18

provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the casual agents of disease, system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings, his patients had fewer postoperative infections

Question 19

Robert Koch

Answer 19

relationship bw Bacillus anthracis and anthrax, mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis

Question 20

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 20

The microbes must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microbes must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. Isolated again from the diseased host.

Question 21

Limitations to Koch’s postulates

Answer 21

Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture. Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical.