Cell chemistry

Question 1

Ionic Bonds

Answer 1

Bond formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

Question 2

Covalent bond

Answer 2

Strong bond between chemical elements where electrons, are shared between atoms to fill valence shell
-Single bonds allow rotation. Double bonds allow no rotation, but bending. Triple bonds allow no movement

Question 3

Nonpolar

Answer 3

electrons are shared equally and there is no polarity occurs bw atoms of similar or identical electronegativity.

Question 4

Polar

Answer 4

electrons are shared unequally bw two atoms so there is a positive and negative pole.

Question 5

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 5

nonpolar molecules or nonpolar regions of molecules associate tightly in a polar solvent, nonpolar molecules disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules so they squeezed together or pushed together by water molecules to minimum their volume

Question 6

Acids

Answer 6

proton donors, increase concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Question 7

Bases

Answer 7

proton acceptors, decrease the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Question 8

Buffers

Answer 8

compounds that resist changes in pH by sometimes behaving like an acid and sometimes like a base

Question 9

Nucleic acids

Answer 9

polymers of nucleotides, two forms (RNA and DNA)

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

Non polar compounds, hydrophobic, play crucial roles as membrane backbones and as energy storage molecules.

Question 11

Carbohydrates/ Polysaccharides

Answer 11

polymers of sugar units bonded together by glycosidic bonds, play important roles in cell walls and as storage molecules

Question 12

Monosaccharides/disaccharides (sugars)

Answer 12

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1. contain 4-7 carbon atoms. Energy storage, building blocks for polysacc molecules

Question 13

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 13

covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

Question 14

Nucleoside

Answer 14

nitrogen base bonded to its C5 sugar

Question 15

Nucleotide

Answer 15

nitrogen base attached to C5 sugar by N glycosidic linkage and bnded to a phosphate

Question 16

Purine bases

Answer 16

adenine and guanine- contain two fused heterocyclic rings

Question 17

pyrmidine bases

Answer 17

thymine, cytosine and uracil

Question 18

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 18

phosphate linkage that connects two sugars by ester linkage

Question 19

primary structure

Answer 19

sequence of nucleotides in a dna or rna molecules

Question 20

Amino Acids

Answer 20

held together by covalent bonds (peptide bonds)

Question 21

Tertiary structure

Answer 21

additional folding of polypeptide to result in greater stability and unique three dimensional shape

Question 22

quaternary structure

Answer 22

occurs in proteins composed of two or more polypeptides

Question 23

denaturation

Answer 23

unfolding of polypeptide chains. loss of biological functons, reversible or irreversible, result of pH, temp, and chemicals