Chapter 1

Question 1

3 common features of cancer

Answer 1

1. uncontrolled/inappropriate growth
2. life threatening
3. generalizations are formally invalid

Question 2

invasion of surrounding tissues / spread to other body parts

Answer 2

metastasis

Question 3

Metastasis disrupts ___________.

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

2 major determinants of cancer type and level of incidence

Answer 4

1. longevity
2. lifestyle

Question 5

process of cancer generation

Answer 5

carcinogenesis

Question 6

carcinogenesis involves accumulated errors in ________ pathways

Answer 6

regulatory

Question 7

monoclonal origin

Answer 7

change initiated in a single cell

Question 8

2 things that explain why cancer is primarily a disease of old age

Answer 8

1. multiple error events
2. generation of large cell numbers

Question 9

immigrants tend to exhibit cancer prevalence profile of _____ dominant over _______

Answer 9

lifestyle; genetics

Question 10

the multistep mechanism of carcinogenesis occurs primarily in _________ cells

Answer 10

somatic

Question 11

Which is predictable - individuals or populations?

Answer 11

Populations

Question 12

established cancers undergo progressive phenotypic changes due to:

Answer 12

inherent genetic instability of cancer cells

Question 13

breast cancers progress from ______ to _______

Answer 13

hormone-sensitive; hormone insensitive

Question 14

the vast majority of human cancers are ______ in origin (tissue type)

Answer 14

epithelial

Question 15

2 examples of cancers with a hormonal component

Answer 15

breast; prostate

Question 16

uncontrolled growth does not equal:

Answer 16

faster mitotic rates

Question 17

proliferation rate does not predict:

Answer 17

cancer risk in that tissue

Question 18

7 factors influencing cell mass

Answer 18

proliferation
differentiation
cell contacts
immune attack
extracellular matrix
blood supply
cell death

Question 19

excitatory cancer genes

Answer 19

protooncogenes

Question 20

inhibitory cancer genes

Answer 20

tumor suppressor genes

Question 21

What causes cancer diversity?

Answer 21

different cancers have different regulatory imbalances

Question 22

Loss of what 2 normal interactions occurs during metastasis

Answer 22

cell:cell
cell:ECM

Question 23

Enhanced _________ capable of degrading ECM components occurs during metastasis

Answer 23

activation of proteases

Question 24

Building of new _______ is required for metastasis to occur

Answer 24

blood vessels

Question 25

Disassociation between _____ and ______ statistics for particular cancers

Answer 25

incidence; death rates

Question 26

Possible causes for cancer related death (2 possibilities)

Answer 26

disruption of vital organs
cachexia and circulatory spread of toxins