Chapter 1 Flashcards
Psychology
The scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms.
Different Types of Behavior
Overt and Covert
Different Types of Behavior
Conscious, Unconscious and Non-conscious
Different Types of Behavior
Rational and Irrational
Different Types of Behavior
Voluntary and Involuntary
Different Types of Behavior
Simple and complex
Aims and Goals
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
Psychology predicts any future actions of an individual and at the same time based on the state of cognition of the subject involved.
Prediction
detailed characterization of a certain phenomenon which can be presented and is a means for further utilization of the study.
Description
Psychology influences the alteration of behavior of the individual. It further tends to change a certain trait, idea and beliefs of the individual.
Control
Psychology understands the involvement of the organization of facts about behavior, development of reasons pertaining to the different relationships among observed behavior, and finally, arriving at reasonable principles and paradigms in explaining behavior.
Explanation
an individual’s behavior is primarily determined by his perception of the world around him
Humanistic
Focuses on the realms of human perception, thought, and memory
Cognitive Psychology
Looks for connection between observable behavior and stimuli from the environment
Behaviorism
John Dewey, William James, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr
Functionalism
Jean Piaglet
Cognitive Psychology
Literally means “to confuse” or “to form or pattern”
Gestalt
First school of thought and introduced ideas associated with experiences
Structuralism
Stressed the importance of the environmental’s behavior.
Behaviorism
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt
Believe in both free will and the uniqueness of the individual
Existential
Function of the mind
Functionalism
behavior is determined by powerful inner forces, most of which are buried in the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
John Watson, B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism
Wilhelm Wundt & Edward B.Titchener
Structuralism
the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior
Abnormal Psychology
Focused on the pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique
Personality Psychology
seeks to explain and
understand social behavior and looks at diverse topics including group behavior, social interaction, leadership, nonverbal communication and social influences on decision-making.
Social Psychology
Counselors, clinical psychologists and psychotherapists often work directly in this field
Abnormal Psychology
Essentially, it is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the direct cause of events and activities of man
Animism
Animism
Ancient Period
the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior
Abnormal Psychology
Greek Period
Democritus
Plato
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Gallen
Methods of Psychology
Qualitative and Descriptive Research
Survey Questionnaires
Longitudinal Studies
Neuropsychological Methods
The most common way of explaining the behavior during ancient times.
Animism
Theorized that human mind is composed of atoms, which penetrate in and out of our system
Democritus
utilizes scientific methods to research the brain and behavior
Experimental Psychology
Believed that soul is distinct to man and it is God-given. Thus, it inhibits the body as “knower”, “thinker”, and “determiner” of the individual’s actions
Plato
Element of Reason (in the Head) Spirited Element (in the Heart)
Element of bodily appetites and desires (in thediaphragm)
Plato’s Elements of Psyche
Considered as the father of Psychology
Aristotle
3 Functions of Soul
Vegetative, Appetitive, Rational
Brain is merely a gland and would perform minor functions
Aristotle
Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
He first theorized that mental disorders arose from natural causes.
Hippocrates
He theorized the relation of temperament to physiological factors
Gallen
Behavior may be attributed to the “humors” or vital juices of the body or the bile.
Gallen
Sanguine
Phlegmatic
Melancholic
Choleric
– yellow bile – cheerfulness
– green bile – sluggishness (laziness)
– black bile – sadness
– red bile – irascibility
Medieval Period
St. Augustine of Hippo
St. Thomas of Aquinas
He combined Greek Platonic thought with Christian thinking and introduced the method of introspection.
St. Augustine of Hippo
A Catholic Saint
St. Augustine of Hippo
Merged Aristotle’s idea that the mind is a living matter to his idea of immortality
St. Thomas of Aquinas
Pre-modern Period 1
Rudolf Gockel (1547 – 1628)
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
Rene Descartes (1649)
Thomas Hobbes (1651)
John Locke (1690)
Pre-modern Period 2
George Berkeley (1709)
David Hume (1748)
Franz Anton Mesmer (1774)
Immanuel Kant (1782)
Johann Friedrich Herbart (1816)
Pre-modern Period 3
Ernst Weber (1817)
Hermann von Helmholtz (1856)
Charles Darwin (1859)
Paul Broca (1861)
Francis Galton (1865)
German scholastic philosopher◦
he is often attributed for the initial use of the term “psychology” in his writing
Rudolf Gockel (1547 – 1628
He proposed that psychology should be separated from philosophy and psychology should be treated as natural science.
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
Introduced the idea of dualism and the concept of reflex action which indicates that the mind and body interact
Rene Descartes (1649)
Human beings are physical objects and sophisticated machines whose functions and activities can be described and explained in purely mechanistic terms.
Thomas Hobbes 1651
Each of us is motivated to act in such ways as we believe likely to relieve our discomfort ,to preserve, and to promote our own well-being
Thomas Hobbes (1651)
Tabula Rasa – at birth, the mind is blank tablet that gathers its contents through the experiences that an individual will have in his entire life.
John Locke (1690)
Your ideas become the only reality therefore, the idea of an individual becomes true only to himself because this is the level of knowledge that he believes in.
George Berkeley (1709)
Difference between impressions and ideas
Difference between created images and direct sensation.
David Hume (1748)
Utilized the method “animal magnetism” in curing hysteria.
Franz Anton Mesmer (1774)
◦ Father of Behavioral Genetics
◦ He introduced the idea of individual differences
Francis Galton in 1865
Stated that the mind is NOT blank, rather, the mind is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experiences.
Immanuel Kant (1782)
Responsible for making psychology as a science
Johann Friedrich Herbart (1816)
Pioneered areas about the ideas that it is necessary to be stimulated in order to be able to gain sensation.
Ernst Weber (1817)
Theory of color vision The eye can only see the basic colors and the other colors that can be seen is a product of mixture of different colors.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1856)
Theory of Evolution – indicated that man evolved from primitive species. He also introduced the concept of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin (1859)
Observed that persons who suffered from damage to specific area of the brain’s left hemisphere may lose their ability to speak fluently.
Paul Broca (1861)
Modern Psychology
Wilhelm Wudnt (1879)
William James
Emil Kraeplin
Edward Titchener
◦ Established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
◦ Father of modern/Scientific Psychology
◦ Used scientific methods in studying phenomenon of the consciousness,
◦ Period in which scientific psychology was officially born.
Wilhelm Wudnt (1879)
Founder of American Psychology
Met with Wilhelm Wundt and went on to publish a two volume book entitled Principle of Psychology
William James
German psychiatrist
First person to formally describe bipolar disorder
He coined the term “manic depressive” to explain how mania and depression both affect the patient.
Emil Kraeplin
Studied under Wilhelm Wundt and went on to develop the idea of Structuralism.
Edward Titchener
Contemporary Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Charles Spearman
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner
Father of Psychoanalysis – who underwent a thorough study of the unconscious mind and developed the psychoanalytic process of free association
Sigmund Freud
He was a Neo-Freudian and established Analytic Psychology – collective unconscious(basis of affect to behavior)
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian who conceptualized the importance of superiority and inferiority as a factor that affect man’s existence
Alfred Adler
Human beings have the “basic need for love and security”.
Human being tend to feel anxious or agitated when they are alienated or isolated.
Karen Horney
First systematic psychometrician
Charles Spearman
Developed the first intelligent quotient test
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Experiment in Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Father of Educational Psychology
The Law of Effect in Learning
Edward Thorndike
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
