Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology Unit 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a condition (a situation or factor) that serves as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient

A

contraindications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a reason to use a certain treatment

A

indications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

drugs ending in -ine

A

alkaloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

two examples of alkaloids

A

atropine
caffeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

drugs ending in - in

A

glycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

two examples of glycosides

A

digoxin
digitoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of ingredients are binders, emulsifiers, coatings, flavorings, preservatives

A

inactive ingredients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the _________ uses and ______ of drugs

A

therapeutic
effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

four sources of drugs

A

plants
minerals
bacteria/molds
animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

three methods for drug selection

A

Diagnostic
Empirical
Symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Drug selection method:

Thorough diagnostics-tests and diagnosis reached

A

diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Drug selection method:

Experience and common sense

A

Empirical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drug selection method:

Treat specific symptoms

A

Symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plan for administering drugs

A

regimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Four things that a pharmacy regimen must include:

A

The route of administration (parenteral or otherwise)
The amount to be given (dosage)
How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
How long the drug will be given (duration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The route of administration of injectable drugs

A

parenteral - given through the needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

four ways of parenteral administration

A

IM
IV
IO
Sub Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Six things that must be included in prescription orders

A

The name of the drug and concentration
The amount to be given (dosage)
The route of administration How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
How long the drug will be given (duration)
The quantity to dispense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drugs that have Less potential for toxicity or adverse reactions

A

OTC - over the counter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

drugs that have a greater potential for harm

A

Prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is this statement referred to as:

“Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.”

A

Legend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prescription drugs and Extralabel use requires a valid what?

A

Veterinary-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

three things very specific to drug usages/approvals

A

particular species
Particular indications
Particular regimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
use of a drug in a way not specified by the label
extralabel use
26
the client must be informed about what kind of drug use
extralabel
27
when is extralabel usage frowned upon
when there is a labeled alternative
28
which drugs have the potential for abuse or dependence
controlled substances
29
Two things required for controlled substances
Careful records (DEA) – “Controlled drug log” Locked storage
30
The complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient. The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body.
Pharmacokinetics
31
Five steps to Pharacokinetcs
1) Drug administration 2) Drug absorption 3) Drug distribution 4) Drug metabolism 5) Drug elimination
32
Another name for biotransformation
metabolism
33
Another name for excretion
elimination
34
describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form
liberation
35
Five routes of drug administration
Oral Parenteral Inhalant Topical Per rectum
36
The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation
bioavailability
37
Nine factors that can effect drug absorption
Mechanism of absorption pH of the drug Charge on the drug Absorptive surface area Blood supply Solubility Dosage form GI tract status Other drug interaction
38
three mechanisms for drug absorption
Passive transport (diffusion along the concentration gradient) Passive transport with a carrier Active transport
39
The process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action
Drug distribution
40
Four steps in the process of drug distribution
Absorption site into the plasma of the bloodstream > interstitial fluid that surrounds cells > intracellular fluid > cellular receptors
41
Five factors that impact the rate of drug distribution
If the drug is protein bound it becomes inactive Lipid solubility Charge Physiologic barriers Disease processes
42
Four kinds of physiologic barriers to drug distribution
Blood-brain barrier Blood-placenta barrier Blood-retina barrier Blood-testes barrier
43
The body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that be eliminated from the body
Biotransformation (metabolism)
44
where does most biotransformation occur
the liver
45
what is a drug called once it's been biotransformed
metabolites
46
Five factors that can alter drug biotransformation
species age nutritional status tissue storage health status
47
when a drug becomes more water soluble it is more susceptible to what
urine elimination
48
Four chemical reactions induced by microsomal enzymes from the liver
oxidation reduction hydrolysis conjugation
49
chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver: loss of electron
oxidation
50
chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver: gain of electron
reduction
51
chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver: split with water added
hydrolysis
52
chemical reaction from microsomal enzymes from the liver: add glucuronic acid to drug molecule
conjugation
53
where does drug elimination (excretion) mostly occur
kidney
54
two ways that drug elimination (excretion) occurs in the kidney
Glomerular filtration Tubular secretion
55
Where can drug elimination (excretion) also occur - besides the kidneys
the liver
56
two ways that elimination (excretion) occurs in the liver
Conjugated to bile Eliminated with food waste
57
three ways that drug elimination (excretion) can also happen, besides liver and kidney
into milk exhaled breath sweat and saliva
58
what does AUC stand for
area under the curve
59
The overall amount of drug in the bloodstream after a dose
area under the curve (AUC)
60
The lowest concentration of a drug in the blood after a dose is given
Cmin or trough
61
when does the Cmin or trough usually happen
right before the next dose is given
62
The amount of time it takes for the drug concentration in the blood to decrease by half.
half life
63
what is the half life important for determining
how often the drug is to be given
64
maximum concentration of a drug in the blood
Cmax
65
Occurs when a person has been on a drug for enough time (usually weeks) so the drug concentration does not build up in the bloodstream any longer; it remains consistent.
steady state
66
what does the steady state of a drug depend on
the half life
67
a drug usually gets to steady state after what
4 to 5 half lives
68
The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body. “What it does to the body”
Pharmacodynamics
69
drugs are combined with what in the blood
receptors (lock and key system)
70
how strongly a drug wants to stick to a receptor
affinity
71
drug that causes a specific action and has a high level of affinity and efficacy
agonist
72
a drug with less affinity and efficacy
partial agonist
73
a drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor
antagonist
74
the degree to which a drug produces the desired response - how well does the drug work
efficacy
74
the amount of drug needed to produce the desired response
potency
75
relationship between the drug’s ability to produce the desired effect and toxic effects.
therapeutic index
76
dose of drug that is lethal to 50% of animals in a dose related trial
LD50
77
the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals in a dose related trial
ED (effective dose) 50
78
how is therapeutic index figured
LD50/ED50
79
the higher (larger the number) the therapeutic index means what
the greater level of safety (fentanyl has a low therapeutic index so that is why small doses can be lethal)
80
an undesirable response from a drug
adverse effects
81
administering a higher dose of a drug until an appropriate blood level is reached
loading dose
82
using effective drug to get the desired effect but no more
minimum effective dose
83
two examples of drugs used to minimum effective dose
Anesthetic induction agents Prednisone
84
PRN dosing
as needed dosing
85
Start or stop drug administration when needed to relieve symptoms Often done with pain medications, antihistamines, and other symptomatic treatments
PRN dosing/"as needed" dosing
86
PRN” is a Latin term that stands for “pro re nata,” which means what
"as the thing is needed"
87
Allows the body to adjust to not having the exogenous drug
tapering doses
88
example of a drug to be tapered
prednisone
89
Altered pharmacology response caused by the presence of a second drug
Drug Interactions
90
Drug interactions cause increased and decreased what
functionality
91
three classifications of drug interactions
pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic pharmaceutic
92
drug interaction where plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another drug
pharmacokinetic interaction
93
drug interaction where the action or effect of one drug is altered by another, occurs at site of drug action. Action can be antagonistic, additive or synergistic
Pharmacodynamic interaction
94
drug interaction that is a physical or chemical reaction that takes place in the syringe/container
pharmaceutic

Pharmacology Unit 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions