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psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological science

A

is the study, through research, of mind, brain, and behavior

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2
Q

amiable skepticism

A

being open to new ideas but carefully considering the evidence

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3
Q

critical thinking

A

systematically questioning and evaluating information using well-supported evidence

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4
Q

confirmation bias

A

overweighing evidence that supports existing beliefs and downplaying evidence that doesn’t match beliefs

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5
Q

seeing relationships that do not exist

A

misperception that two events that happen at the same time must somehow be related

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6
Q

hindsight bias

A

once an outcome is known, interpreting old evidence to make sense of that outcome

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7
Q

heuristics

A

following simple rules to make decisions, things that come most easily to mind guide

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8
Q

dunning-kruger effect

A

people lack the ability to evaluate their own performance in areas where they have little expertise

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9
Q

nature/nurture debate

A

the arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience and culture

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10
Q

mind/body problem

A

are mind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain subjective experience

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11
Q

dualism

A

the mind and body are separate yet intertwined

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12
Q

plato

A

dualist, the body is from the material world; the soul is from the world of ideas and is therefore immortal

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13
Q

descartes

A

introduced dualism in the 1600’s

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14
Q

monism

A

the belief that all the world (including the mind and brain) can be explained by only one category of substance

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15
Q

hippocrates

A

dualist, brain is the seat of thought and emotions

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16
Q

aristotle

A

heart is the seat of emotions, brain is the “cooling organ”

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17
Q

hobbes and materialism

A

(1588-1679) argued for a type of monism called materialism, view that nothing exists except for matter and energy, accordingly, all human thought and behavior can be explained in terms of physical processes in the body- specifically in the brain

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18
Q

phrenology and Franz Gall

A

-study of the structure of the skull to determine a person’s character and mental capacity
-A false science, led by Franz Joseph Gall

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19
Q

modularity

A

it is a commonly accepted principle that mental functions can be divided into separate categories or independent processes

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20
Q

localization of mental function

A

although bumps on the skull are not the tell-tale signs phrenologists thought they were, there is still good evidence that various cognitive functions are carried out (somewhat) by independent parts of the brain

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21
Q

broca’s area

A

involved in speech production

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22
Q

wernicke’s area

A

area responsible for language comprehension

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23
Q

introspectionism and wilhelm wundt

A

the study of conscious mental events by looking within, observing and recording one’s own thoughts and experiences
Wudnt: psychology began as a formal field of scientific study in the mid 1800’s in is lab
-reasoned that mental events take time

24
Q

structuralism

A

uses introspection to break apart and examine the individual components of conscious experiences

25
Q

limitations of introspectionism

A

variability, verification, and reliance on consciousness

26
Q

limitations of structuralism

A

consciousness is not just the sum of its parts

27
Q

functionalism

A

an approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior
Functionalism helped humans adapt to environmental demands

28
Q

william james

A

abandoned medicine for psych, philosophy lens on topics,
-Believed the mind is more complicated than its elements, and cannot be broken down
-Noted the idea of stream of consciousness

29
Q

stream of consciousness

A

describes each person’s continuous series of ever-changing thoughts

30
Q

natural selection

A

the idea that those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their particular environment have a selective advantage over those who don’t

31
Q

gestalt theory

A

attempts to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world

32
Q

behaviorism

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviors

33
Q

BF skinner

A

behaviorist, believed a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced (stimulus, response, reinforcement)

34
Q

skinner box/operant chamber

A

built to see how fast a mouse learns that pushing a lever gives him a treat

35
Q

limitations of behaviorism

A

behaviorism cannot explain certain aspects of memory, language, and development

36
Q

cognitive psychology

A

understanding the basic skills and processes that are the foundation of mental life and behavior

37
Q

computational modeling

A

the use of computers to simulate and study complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science

38
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

uses behavior to infer what is going on inside the brain, and uses knowledge of what is going on inside the brain to help understand the constraints on conscious experience and behavior

39
Q

clinical psychology

A

the area of psychology that seeks to understand, characterize, and treat mental illness

40
Q

cultural psychology

A

studies how cultural factors such as geographical regions, national beliefs, and religious beliefs can have profound effects on mental life and behavior

41
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies how humans grow and develop throughout their entire lives

42
Q

health psychology

A

is concerned with how psychological processes influence physical health and vice versa

43
Q

industrial/organizational psychology

A

how psychological processes play out in the workplace, aims to increase productivity and reduce accidents

44
Q

relationship psychology

A

research intimate relationships and the properties that make them succeed or fail

45
Q

social/personality psychology

A

study of everyday thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and the factors that give rise to them

46
Q

data ethics

A

addresses ethical issues in data science, including data accessibility, identifiability, and autonomy

47
Q

replicability

A

the likelihood that results of a study would be very similar if were run again

48
Q

open science movement

A

a social movement among scientists to improve methods, increase research transparency, and promote data sharing

49
Q

biological level of analysis

A

how the physical body contributes to mind and behavior (such as through the chemical and genetic processes that occur in the body)

50
Q

individual level of analysis

A

individual differences in personality and in the mental processes that affects how people perceive and know the world

51
Q

social level of analysis

A

how group contexts affects the ways in which people interact and influence each other

52
Q

cultural level of analysis

A

explores how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are similar or different across cultures

53
Q

distributed practice

A

learning material in bursts over a prolonged time frame

54
Q

retrieval testing

A

learning new information by repeatedly recalling it from long-term memory

55
Q

elaborative interrogation

A

thinking through why a fact is true, or why it is true in some cases but not others

56
Q

self-explanation

A

reflecting on your learning process and trying to make sense of new material in your own words

57
Q

interleaved practice

A

switching between topics during studying

psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 (4 decks)

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