Chapter 1

Question 1

What is anatomy? What is physiology?

Answer 1

anatomy is the study of body parts in relationship to another
physiology is study of function of body parts

Question 2

What are the levels of body organization?

Answer 2

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Question 3

Parts of Chemical Level

Answer 3

Atoms- smallest unit of matter
Molecules- combination of two or more atoms
Biological Molecules- “protoplasm”
- large molecules that are essential to life,
- these molecules come together to form organelles which are the structures within cells that serve a specific function
(ex) Mitochondria

Question 4

Parts of Cellular Level

Answer 4

Cell- the basic unit of life; made up of many organelles
Cytology- the study of cells

Question 5

Parts of Tissue Level

Answer 5

Tissue- a group of similar cells and the material surrounding the cells
Histology- study of tissue

Question 6

Parts of Organ Level

Answer 6

Organ- structures composed of two or more different tissues, serve a common function
(ex) heart, liver

Question 7

Parts of System Level

Answer 7

System Level- consists of related organs that serve a common function
(ex) Urinary System

Question 8

Parts of Organismal Level

Answer 8

Organism- a living organism, combination of all systems

Question 9

What are the basic requirements of life?

Answer 9

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Question 10

Part of Life: Metabolism

Answer 10

Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolism- when large complex structures break down into smaller ones
Anabolism- building complex large structures from smaller ones

Question 11

Part of Life Responsiveness

Answer 11

Responsiveness- ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Question 12

Part of Life Movement

Answer 12

Movement- ability to initiate motion
-> muscular system allows movement

Question 13

Part of Life Growth

Answer 13

Growth- increase in number of cells and increase in body part size

Question 14

Part of Life Differentiation

Answer 14

Differentiation- when cells become specialized from their non-specialized ancestor cells
Stem Cells- non-specialized ancestor cells that are undifferentiated

Question 15

Part of Life Reproduction

Answer 15

Reproduction- formation of new cells for the growth of new cells

Question 16

What is Hemostasis?

Answer 16

When the body maintains a relatively stable condition (within the body)

Question 17

What is a Feedback System?

Answer 17

This is when the body is continuously monitored, evaluated, changed and re-monitored to ensure that the body is balanced

Question 18

What are the 3 components of a feedback system?

Answer 18

1. Receptor: a sensor that monitors the body’s environment and sends impulses to control center
2. Control Center: gets information from receptor and generates a response (output) as necessary
3. Effector: receives output from control center and provides means to respond

Question 19

What are the two types of Feedback System?

Answer 19

1. Negative Feedback System: this system reverses the original change to help maintain levels in the body
   (ex) maintain body temperature
2. Positive Feedback System: reinforces (strengthens) the original change to control condition
   (ex) contractions during delivery

Question 20

What are the 5 body planes?

Answer 20

Midsagittal (left and right)
Sagittal (parallel to mid)
Frontal (anterior and posterior)
Transverse (horizontal)
Oblique (angled)

Question 21

What is the dorsal cavity?

Answer 21

Cranial cavity- contains the brain
Vertebral cavity- contains the spinal cord

Question 22

What is the ventral cavity?

Answer 22

Thoracic cavity- (chest) above diaphragm, contains heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity- lies below the diaphragm
-> Abdominal cavity: superior portion that contains digestive organs
-> Pelvic cavity: inferior portion that contains reproductive organs

Question 23

What are the quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 23

Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant
(Middle of all is the umbilicus)