chapter 1 Flashcards
chaos of thoughts, belief, assumptions, values, and superstition
PHILOSOPHY
philosophical discussion of what is concerned good/bad, right/wrong in terms of moral issues
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on society’s norms and practices
ETHICS
derived from either of 2 basic school of thoughts
ETHICAL THEORIES
dependent upon human nature and psychology
NATURALISM
not dependent upon human nature
RATIONALISM
based upon the rational view that the rightness/wrongness of a an act depends upon nature act rather than its consequences
DEONTOLOGY
Deon means
DUTY
other term of deontology
FORMALISM
other term of deontology
FORMALISM
Born in Konigsberg, Prussia in 1724
-ethical rules are universal
-more on rational
IMMANUEL KANT
act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always as an end and never as a means only
PRACTICAL IMPERATIVE
inhelent recognition that all people are equal and competent to make universally legislative decisions
KANTIAN THEORY
ethics of democracy
KANTIANETHICS
it requires liberty, equality and fraternity with in politically organized society
RAPHAEL (1994)
one finds that the goal of consequentialism is often stated as the greatest good for the greatest number.
TELEOLOGY
another term of teleology
CONSEQUENTIALISM
telos means
END
evaluate the morality of actions in terms of progress toward a goal/end
CONSEQUENTIALIST MORAL THEORIES
has several versions, the best known of which is utilitarianism
CONSEQUENTIALISM
terms of the maximization of the net utility expected for all parties affected by a decision/action
UTILITARIANISM
believed both good end evil lie in sensation, pleasure being good and pain being evil
EPICURUS
Pleasure according to Epicurus
-living a life of moderation
-courage
-justice
-by cultivating
-friendship
dwell apart from human
DEITIES
-action can be considered to be right when they increase happiness and diminish misery
-can be considered wrong when they have the opposite
-he proposed that we should measure the product act in terms of the value of a proposed pleasure
-father of modern utilitarianism
JEREMY BENTHAM
Principal of utility produce
-benefit
-advantage
-pleasure
-good
-happiness
6 criteria in measuring the pleasure
-intensity
-duration
-certainty
-propinquity
-fecundity
-purity
basic principle of utilitarianism is that actions are right to t h e degree that they tend to promote the greatest good for the greatest number.
-He defined “the good” in
terms o f well - being an d distinguished,
JOHN STUART MILL
most often associated with the
british philosopher Mill.
CLASSICAL UTILITARIANISM
described physical and mental suffering as
-indigence
-disease
-unkindness
-worthlessness
-premature loss of object/affection
do unto others as you would have them do unto you
GOLDEN RULE
It suggests that people choose actions that will in any given circumstance, increase the over all good.
ACT UTILITARIANISM/ ACT CONSEQUENTIALISM
It suggests that people choose rules that, when followed consistently, will maximize the overall good.
RULE UTILITARIANISM
acts based on certain degree of innate moral virtue
VIRTUE ETHICS
another name of virtue ethics
CHARACTER ETHICS
character trait that is morally valued
MORAL VIRTUE
8 cardinal virtues
-WISDOM
-COURAGE
-TEMPERANCE
-JUSTICE
-GENEROSITY
-FAITH
-HOPE
-CHARITY
refers to matters having to do with character.
ETHICS
he considered goodness of character to be produced by the pr act ice o f virtuous behavior, rather than virtuous act s being
the end result o f a good character.
ARISTOTLE
equal to excellence of character
-MOTIVATION
-DELIBERATION
-CLEAR JUDGEMENT
-SELF-CONTROL
-PRACTICE
acting repeatedly in a virtous manner
VIRTUE CHARACTER
another perspective to Aristotle’s concept o f a virtuous person . She proposes that virtue lies not only in engaging
virtuous acts but also in a will.
-She defines will as “that which is wished for as well as what is sought.” According to her, a positive or moral will is sometimes
the necessary ingredient in success .
PHILIPPA RUTH FOOT
discussion of virtue as related to biomedical ethics
TOM BEAUCHAMP AND JAMES CHILDRESS
4 focal virtue
-COMPASSION
-DISCERNMENT
-TRUSTWORTHINESS
-INTEGRITY
ability to imagine oneself in the situation of other
-it embodies golden rule
COMPASSION
rest on sensitive insight involving acute judgement and understanding and it result in decisive actions
DISCERNMENT
trust is confident belief in the moral character
TRUSTWORTHINESS
it means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character
INTEGRITY
