Chapter 1

Question 1

Ethical Dilemmas are situations in which …. ?

Answer 1

Ethical dilemmas are situations in which one person must decide what to do. They are situations in which it is difficult for an individual to decide the right course of action.

Question 2

Discretion

Answer 2

The authority to make a decision between two or more choices.

Sometimes the courts make laws that take away the discretion of lower officials

Question 3

ethical issues questions what exactly?

Answer 3

Difficult social or policy questions that include controversy over the “right” thing to do.

Question 4

discretion

Answer 4

The authority to make a decision between two or more choices.

Question 5

Due Process

Answer 5

Due Process protects each of us from error in any governmental deprivation of life, liberty, or property.

Law enforcement and the state have the right to control and punish, but Due Process protects us against the arbitrary or unlawful use of that power.

Question 6

Equal Protection

Answer 6

Equal Protection should ensure that what happens to us is not determined by the color of our skin, our gender, our nationality, or the religion we practice.

Question 7

The Appearance of Impropriety

Answer 7

In order for officials and the government to have respect and credibility it must appear to the public that they are behaving properly.

Question 8

Socrates (469-399 BCE)

Answer 8

Believed that knowledge is the key to living a virtuous and ethical life.

He believed that people perform bad acts because they are ignorant of the correct way to act.

He believed that the wisest person is the most ethical and has the most virtue.

Question 9

Plato (423-347 BCE)

Answer 9

Plato was a student of Socrates
Like Socrates, he associated virtue with wisdom.

Question 10

Plato stated that the four key virtues were:

Answer 10

Wisdom
Courage
Moderation
Justice

Question 11

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Answer 11

He was a student of Plato

He did NOT believe that bad behavior came from
ignorance

He believed that some people had weak wills and did bad things knowing they were bad.

He believed that the good life was devoted to virtue and moderation.

Question 12

The Stoics (3rd century BCE)

Answer 12

They perceived life as a battle against the passions.

And that people should not seek pleasure but instead seek virtue

And that we should seek virtue out of duty and not because it gives us pleasure

Question 13

Morals

Answer 13

Principles of right or wrong.

The term “moral” is often used as an adjective to describe a person’s actions.

Question 14

Ethics are the disciplines of determining …?

Answer 14

The discipline of determining good and evil
and defining moral duties.

– The term “ethics” is often used as an adjective to refer to behaviors relating to a profession (Example: Hippocratic Oath for physicians).

Question 15

are Morals and Ethics used interchangeably?

Answer 15

The two words are often used interchangeably.

Question 16

Applied ethics

Answer 16

Application of ethical principles to specific issues or fields.

Question 17

Professional ethics:

Answer 17

Examination of the behavior of certain professional groups.

Question 18

Duties

Answer 18

Behaviors or actions necessary for an individual to be considered moral.

Question 19

do Supererogatories actions need to be moral?

Answer 19

Actions that are commendable but not required in order for a person to be considered moral.??

Question 20

Values in the United States

Answer 20

In the U.S., success is defined almost exclusively by the accumulation of material goods, not by doing good deeds.

So even the concepts of duties, virtues, and
morality can be seen as foreign.

Question 21

Making Moral Judgments involve four elements:

Answer 21

Acts that can be judged as ethical, unethical, moral, or immoral

Question 22

Why Study Ethics?

Answer 22

Ethical issues exist in all areas of the criminal justice system (from passage of laws to punishment)

Learning how to determine the “right thing to do” is critical.

Criminal justice professionals have varying degrees of discretion, authority, and power

Criminal justice professionals encounter a multitude of situations in which they must make choices that affect people’s lives

Question 23

why study ethics (professional vise)

Answer 23

Legislators: in making laws and determining punishment

Police: in enforcing laws

Attorneys and Judges: affecting justice process

Correctional Professionals: affecting offenders’ lives

Question 24

emoluments clause

Answer 24

Also known as the Title of Nobility
Clause, Article I, Section 9, Clause 8 of the U.S.
The constitution prohibits any person holding a government office from accepting any present, emolument, office, or title from any “King, Prince, or foreign State” without congressional consent.

Question 25

Constitutional Ethics makes the police and state due what?

Answer 25

Police and the state have an obligation to provide “due process” and “equal protection” for all.

Question 26

Four philosophies that influenced Western ethics are

Answer 26

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics

Question 27

Making Moral Judgments is and includes what

Answer 27

An Act
Only Human Acts are judged as ethical or moral

Free Will: You must have done the act by free choice

Affect Others: The act must affect others