CHAPTER 1

Question 1

• branch of biology dealing with microorganisms
• considers the occurrence in nature of the microscopic forms of life, their reproduction and physiology, their participation in the processes of nature, their helpful and harmful relationships with other living things, and their significance in science and industry

Answer 1

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 2

• also called as microbes
• life forms too small to be seen by the unaided human eye (microscopic organisms)

Answer 2

MICROORGANISMS

Question 3

CLASSIFICATIONS OF microbes

Answer 3

bacteria
fungi
viruses
protozoa
algae

Question 4

what are present in the first 2 billion years

Answer 4

-nitrogen and oxygen
-only microorganisms that are capable of anaerobic metabolism

Question 5

when did microbial cells first appeared

Answer 5

3.8-4.3 billion years ago

Question 6

within 1 billion year

Answer 6

-phototrophic microorganisms
-anoxygenic: green and purple sulfur bacteria

Question 7

billion years later

Answer 7

-cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophs)

Question 8

Order of Evolution of Microorganisms

Answer 8

-anoxygenic
-phototrophs
-cyanobacteria (oxygenic)
-modern eukaryotes
-algal diversity
-shelly invertebrates
-vascular plants
-mammals
-humans

Question 9

3 people behind discovery of microorganism

Answer 9

• robert hooke
• antonie van leeuwenhoek
• louis pasteur

Question 10

• English mathematician, historian, and an excellent microscopist
• Invented the first microscope

Answer 10

robert hooke

Question 11

• illustrated many microscopic images including the fruiting structures of molds in his famous book Microgaphia (1665)

Answer 11

robert hooke

Question 12

• Dutch draper and amateur microscopist
• constructed extremely simple microscopes containing a single lens to examine various natural substances for microorganisms

Answer 12

antonie van leeuwenhoek

Question 13

• Discovered BACTERIA in 1676 while studying pepper-water infusions–“wee animalcules”

Answer 13

antonie van leeuwenhoek

Question 14

the first bacteria

Answer 14

wee animalcules

Question 15

• French chemist
• He proved that fermentation is carried out by microorganisms and that different microorganisms perform different fermentation reactions

Answer 15

louis pasteur

Question 16

• Powerful opponent of the THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Answer 16

louis pasteur

Question 17

• proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) and other early scholars
• hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter

Answer 17

theory of spontaneous generation

Question 18

• a seventeenth century Flemish scientist, proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks. In reality, such habitats provided ideal food sources and shelter for more populations to flourish

Answer 18

jan baptista van helmont

Question 19

1st observations/evidences of theory of SG

Answer 19

1. Aristotle noted the appearance of animals from environments previously devoid of such animals, such as seemingly sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.

Question 20

2nd observations/evidences of theory of SG

Answer 20

2. Proponents of the theory cited how frogs simply seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River in Egypt during the animal flooding.

Question 21

3rd observations/evidences of theory of SG

Answer 21

3. Others observed that mice simply appeared among grain stored in barns with thatched roof leaked and the grain molded, mice appeared.

Question 22

4th observations/evidences of theory of SG

Answer 22

4. Jan Baptista van Helmont, a seventeenth century Flemish scientist, proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks. In reality, such habitats provided ideal food sources and shelter for more populations to flourish.

Question 23

5th observations/evidences of theory of SG

Answer 23

5. Maggots (the larvae of flies) spontaneously generate on meat left out in open air.