2ND Flashcards
3 PEOPLE IN THE EXPERIMENTS ON THE THEORY OF SG
- FRANCESCO REDI
-JOHN NEEDHAM
-LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
- Italian Physician
- He refuted the idea that maggots spontaneously generate on meat left out in the open air
FRANCESCO REDI
- English (Scottish) clergyman
- He argued that microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a “life force”
JOHN NEEDHAM
- Italian priest, bilogist, and psychologist
- Has experiments with broth aimed to disprove those of Needham
- He hypothesized that microbes from the air and boiling will kill them
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
NEEDHAM’S BROTH PROCESS
- Boiled broth for 1 minute
- Sealed with loose cork
- Bacteria still grew
- Therefore, spontaneous generation must be true
HOW DID PASTEUR DISPROVED THE THEORY OF SG
- Pasteur predicted that microorganisms in putrefying materials were descendants of cells that entered from the air or cells that had been initially present on the decaying materials
- He reasoned that if food were treated in such a way as to destroy all living organisms present–that is, if it were rendered sterile–and if it were kept sterile, it would not putrefy
4 PEOPLE BEHIND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN MICROBIOLOGY
-LOUIS PASTEUR
-ROBERT KOCH
-MARTINUS BEIJERINK
-SERGEI WINOGRADSKY
His principles were quickly adapted for the preservation of milk and many other foods by heat treatment, which we now call
-PASTEURIZATION
3 VACCINES THAT PASTUER DEVELOPED
- ANTHRAX
- FOWL CHOLERA
- RABIES
- Metabolic process by which organic molecules (normally glucose) are converted into acids gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen
FERMENTATION
- Process of killing or removing all forms of life, especially microorganisms, associated with a given object or present in a given area
STERILIZATION
free of all living organisms (cells) and viruses
STERILE
- Heating of milk for a short time to a temperature that will destroy undesirable microorganisms without changing the composition and food value of the material itself
PASTEURIZATION
- Causative agent of a disease (bacterium, toxin, virus, or other microbes) so modified as to be incapable of producing the disease yet at the same time so little changed that it is able, when introduced into the body to elicit the production of specific antibodies against the disease
VACCINE
- He provided direct experimental support to the germ theory of disease:
> Microbes were the cause of infectious disease
ROBERT KOCH
- He discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis
> Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ROBERT KOCH
WHAT IS THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
- MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- He formulated a set of rigorous criteria, now know as KOCH’S POSTULATES, for definitely linking cause and effect in an infectious disease
ROBERT KOCH
KOCH’S POSTULATES (state all 4)
- The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animal.
- The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.
- Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal.
- the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
- Dutch microbiologist and botanist
- His clear formulation of the enrichment culture technique is his greatest contribution to the field of microbiology
MARTINUS BEIJERINK
- He isolated the first pure culture of many soil and aquatic microorganisms, including sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, green algae, various anaerobic and many other
MARTINUS BEIJERINK
first aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium
Azotobacter chroococcum
> His classic studies of “mosaic disease” of tobacco, described not only the first virus but also the basic principles of virology
MARTINUS BEIJERINK
- Russian microbiologist and ecologist
- He was interested in the bacterial diversity of solid and waters and was highly successful in isolating several notable bacteria from natural samples
SERGEI WINOGRADSKY
- He was particularly interested in bacteria that cycle nitrogen and sulfur compounds, such as the nitrifying bacteria and the sulfur bacteria
- He studied Beggiatoa which are large bacteria commonly observed in marine sediment
SERGEI WINOGRADSKY
STONE EATERS
LITOTROPHS
the oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy
chemolithotrophy
- He showed that Beggiatoa catalyze specific chemical transformations in nature and proposed the important concept of chemolithotrophy, the oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy
- He showed that lithotrophs (“stone eaters”), are widespread in nature. Like photosynthetic organisms, chemolithotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from CO2
SERGEI WINOGRADSKY
He isolated the anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Clostridiumpasteurianum, becoming the first to
demonstrate the process of nitrogen
fixation
Sergei WInogradsky
what is the first nitrifying bacteria
Clostridium pasteurianum
