Chapter 1 Flashcards
Development:
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span
What is the importance of studying a children’s development?
- becoming a better parent or educator
- gaining insight into how your childhood experiences have shaped the person you are today
Culture:
The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation.
Cross-cultural studies:
Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures
Ethnicity:
A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language. Belonging to a social group that has common natural or cultural traditions.
Socioeconomic status:
An individuals position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Biological processes:
Factors that produce changes in an individuals body. This may include height, weight, brain, motor skills, or hormones.
Cognitive processes:
Factors that produce changes in an individuals thought, memory, intelligence, problem solving and language.
Socio-emotional development-skill:
Develops over time and involves both responding to situations with emotions that are socially acceptable and developing the ability to withhold emotions or delay spontaneous reaction when necessary.
Prenatal period:
Time from conception to birth
Zygote:
Formed during prenatal period. This is the single cell that is formed during fertilization at about 9 months and this single cell grows into an organism.
Infancy:
Development period right after birth that extends from birth through 18-24 months of age.
Early childhood:
Is the developmental period that extends from the end of info act to about 5-6 years of age, sometimes called the preschool years.
Middle + late childhood:
developmental period that extends from about 6 to 11 years of age, sometimes called the elementary school years.
Adolescence:
The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, entered at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ending at 18 to 22 years of age.
Cohort effects:
Effects due to a persons time of birth, era, and generation but not to actual age.
Psychoanalytic theories:
Theories describing development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
- behavior is merely a surface characteristic
- symbolic workings of the mind must be analyzed to understand behavior
- early experiences with parents are emphasized.
- Id-unconscious, pleasure principle
- ego-realistic principle
- superego-morality principle
Freudian Stages
Oral stage - infants pleasure centers on the mouth (birth to 1 1/2 years)
Anal stage - child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
(1 1/2 to 3 years)
Phallic stage - child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals (3 to 6 years)
Latency stage - child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills (6 years to puberty)
Genital stage - a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family (puberty onward)
Eriksons Eight Life span Stages:
Integrity vs Despair: late adulthood (60s onward)
Generativity vs isolation: middle adulthood (40s, 50s)
Intimacy vs Isolation: early adulthood (20s, 30s)n
Identity vs identity Confusion: adolescence (10 years to 20 years)
Industry vs inferiority: middle and late childhood (elementary school years, 6 years to puberty)
Initiative vs guilt: early childhood (preschool years, 3 -5 years)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: infancy (1-3 years)
Trust vs mistrust: Infancy (first year)
Piaget’s theory:
Children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor stage:
Infant creates an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
