Chapter 1

Question 1

Argument:

Answer 1

A group of statements of which one is claimed to follow from the others.

Question 2

Statement:

Answer 2

A sentence that is either true or false.

Question 3

Premise:

Answer 3

the information intended to provide support for a conclusion.

Question 4

Logic:

Answer 4

Logic is the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate, and construct arguments.

Question 5

Truth-values:

Answer 5

the values of ‘true’ and ‘false’ that applies to a statement.

Question 6

Proposition:

Answer 6

the information content imparted by a statement or, simply put, its meaning.

Question 7

Inference:

Answer 7

the term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expressed by an argument.

Question 8

Logic

Answer 8

the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate, and construct argument

Question 9

Argument

Answer 9

• A group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premise(s)
• Arguments can have more than one premise but only one conclusion

Question 10

Statement

Answer 10

A sentence that is either true or false

Question 11

Truth value

Answer 11

Every statement has a truth value (either true or false)

Question 12

Proposition

Answer 12

The information content or meaning of a statement.

Question 13

Conclusion indicators:

Answer 13

words and phrases that indicate the statement is a conclusion.

Question 14

Premise indicators:

Answer 14

words and phrases that indicate the statement is a premise.

Question 15

Inferential claim:

Answer 15

a passage that expresses a reasoning process (from premises to a conclusion).

Question 16

Conclusion Indicators

Answer 16

Therefore
Consequently
It proves that
Thus
In conclusion
Suggests that
So
It follows that
Implies that
Hence
We can infer that
We can conclude that

Question 17

Premise Indicators

Answer 17

Because
Assuming that
As indicated by
Since
As shown by
The fact that
Given that
For the reason(s) that
It follows from

Question 18

Explanation:

Answer 18

Provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. By themselves, explanations are not arguments; however, they can form part of an argument.

Question 19

Truth value analysis:

Answer 19

A truth value analysis determines if the information in the premises is accurate, correct, or true.

Question 20

Logical analysis:

Answer 20

a logical analysis determines the strength with which the premises support the conclusion.

Question 21

Deductive argument:

Answer 21

An argument in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
-In other words, under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Question 22

Inductive argument:

Answer 22

An argument in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion is probably true if the premises are true.
- In other words, under the assumption that the premises are true it is improbably for the conclusion to be false.
- In other words, the probable truth of the conclusion follows from the premises

Question 23

Inferential claim in a deductive argument

Answer 23

• Conclusion follows necessarily from premises
• It is impossible for conclusion to be false assuming premises are true

Question 24

Inferential claim in an inductive argument

Answer 24

• Conclusion probably true if premises are true
• It is improbable that conclusion is false assuming premises are true

Question 25

Identifying Deductive and Inductive Arguments: Key words/phrases

Answer 25

• Deductive: necessarily, certainty, definitely
• Inductive: probably, likely, unlikely, plausible

Question 26

Strength of argument

Answer 26

• Deductive: conclusion necessarily true
• Inductive: conclusion probably true

Question 27

Types of arguments

Answer 27

• Deductive: mathematics, geometry, definitions
• Inductive: analogical, legal, moral, statistical, scientific (see Part IV)

Question 28

Valid deductive argument:

Answer 28

An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Question 29

Invalid deductive argument:

Answer 29

an argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false.

Question 30

Sound deductive argument:

Answer 30

a deductive argument that is valid and its premises are true.

Question 31

Unsound deductive argument:

Answer 31

an invalid deductive argument or a valid deductive argument with a false premise.

Question 32

Counterexample:

Answer 32

-a counterexample to a statement is evidence that shows the statement is false.
- a counterexample to an argument shows the possibility that premises assumed to be true do not make the conclusion necessarily true.

Question 33

Truth analysis

Answer 33

Concerns statements
A statement is either true or false
Is required for soundness and strength.

Question 34

Logical analysis

Answer 34

Concerns arguments
The relationship between premise(s) and conclusion provides the inferential strength of an argument
- Is required for soundness and validity as well as strength and cogency

Question 35

Counterexample to a statement

Answer 35

Provides evidence that a statement is false

Question 36

Counterexample to an argument

Answer 36

Shows that true premises do not make the conclusion necessarily true (argument is invalid)

Question 37

Strong Inductive Argument:

Answer 37

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true.

Question 38

Weak inductive argument:

Answer 38

An argument such that either
(a) if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably not true, or
(b) a probably true conclusion does not follow from the premises.

Question 39

Cogent Inductive Argument:

Answer 39

An argument that is strong and the premises are true.

Question 40

Uncogent Inductive Argument:

Answer 40

An argument that is either weak or one if its premises is false.