Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biochemistry

A

study of living organisms at the molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

eukaryotes

A

contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

living cells require

A
  • barrier that separates it from its environment
  • interior that is chemically distinct from the surroundings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cellular membranes

A

two layers of lipids whose hydrophobic tails interact on the interior and whose hydrophilic heads interact with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable to fuels, building blocks and signal molecules that must enter the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • material that comprises the cell interior
  • many biochemical processes including glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives the cell its structure and serves as a system of “molecular highways” for materials transport throughout the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nucleus

A

information center of the cell and the location of the organism’s genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membranous sacs surrounding the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

smooth ER

A

processes chemicals originating outside the cell, such as drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes for protein manufacture are attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

golgi complex

A

stacked membranes that receive transport vesicles from the rough ER and processes the proteins for secretion of delivery to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

secretory vesicles

A

carry cargo of mature proteins to the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lysosome

A

digests material brought into the cell by endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chloroplast

A

found only in plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vacuoles

A

store water, ions, and various nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cell wall

A

constructed from cellulose to form a protective wall around the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

elements of life

A

hydrogen (63%), carbon (9%), and oxygen (25%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why hydrogen and oxygen

A

H20 is matrix of life, polar molecule allowing it to self-interact and form weak bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why carbon

A

forms 4 covalent bond, C-C bonds release a lot of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stereoisomers

A

same atom connectivities but differ in arrangement

23
Q

chiral

A

not superimposable on mirror images

24
Q

enantiomers

A

a molecule and its non-superimposable mirror image

25
Q

proteins

A

20 different monomer building blocks (amino acids)

26
Q

N-terminus

A

(beginning) free amine (NH2) group

27
Q

C-terminus

A

(end) free carboxyl (COOH) group

28
Q

proteins are highly versatile

A

regulation, storage, motion, transport, defense, and structure

29
Q

catalysts

A

agents that enhance the rate of a chemical reaction

30
Q

protein catalysts

A

enzymes

31
Q

nucleotide

A

five-carbon sugar attached to heterocyclic ring and a phosphoryl group

32
Q

nucleotides are joined by

A

phosphodiester bonds to form linear molecules

33
Q

DNA

A

stores genetic information

34
Q

RNA

A

transfers information

35
Q

carbohydrates

A

3-9 carbon atoms and simple sugars

36
Q

carbohydrates are

A

fuel sources, signaling molecules

37
Q

lipids

A

water-insoluble organic molecules, form barriers to protect the cell and its organelles

38
Q

thermodynamics

A

system (any part under study)
surroundings (everything else)

39
Q

open systems

A

exchange matter and energy

40
Q

closed systems

A

exchange matter

41
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be converted but neither created nor destroyed

42
Q

Enthalpy (ΔH)

A

heat evolved in a reaction at constant pressure

43
Q

Entropy (S)

A

degree of randomness or disorder in a system

44
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

45
Q

exergonic

A

negative ΔG (spontaneous)

46
Q

endergonic

A

positive ΔG (nonspontaneous_

47
Q

free enegry

A

energy is capable of doing useful work

48
Q

central dogma

A

genetic information is stored in DNA and it can be replicated, and passed through an RNA intermediate before being expressed as a protein

49
Q

replication

A

DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of new DNA

50
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyze the replication process and duplicate the genome

51
Q

transcription

A

DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of an RNA

52
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes transcription

53
Q

translation

A

messenger RNA copy is interpreted and used to drive the synthesis of protein

Biochem (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions