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Biology > Chapter 1 - 1.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - 1.2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Macromolecules are linked by

A

Covalent bonds

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1
Q

Many molecules composed of thousands of atoms are

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

What are the four types of bio macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids

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3
Q

(CH2O)n is the general formula for

A

For carbohydrates, sugars and starches

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4
Q

Are carbohydrates usually polar?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are simple sugars with how many C

A

3-7 C

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6
Q

Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure are

A

Isomers

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8
Q

What is composed of a single C-based monomer structure

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

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10
Q

Sucrose and lactose are examples of

A

Disaccharides

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11
Q

Carbohydrate polymers of monosaccharides joined covalently are

A

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are the three different arrangements of glucose

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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13
Q

Glycogen, starch and cellulose all have different _____ and ______

A

Shapes / functions

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14
Q

Glycogen is glucose as stored by

A

Animals

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15
Q

Is glycogen easily broken down and why

A

Yes due to the number of branching side chains

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16
Q

Starch is glucose as stored by

A

Plants

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17
Q

Does starch have more or less branching side chains than glycogen

A

Fewer

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18
Q

Is starch broken down easily

A

Yes

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19
Q

What provides structural support in plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

What different positions can C-1 glucose exist in

A

Starch & glycogen - alpha

Cellulose - beta

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21
Q

What is alpha position

A

H
|
OH

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22
Q

What is beta position

A

OH
|
H

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23
Q

Which has more C & H: carbohydrates or lipids

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic

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25
Q

Do lipids dissolve in water

A

No

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26
Q

What is an efficient energy storing molecule

A

Lipids

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27
Q

Lipids used for energy storage are

A

Triglycerides

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28
Q

Triglycerides are made of what

A

1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules
Bonded by ester linkages

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29
Q

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a hydroxyl group is a

A

Fatty acid

30
Q

A saturated fatty acid has how many double bonds of C atoms

A

No double bonds between C atoms

31
Q

An unsaturated fatty acid has how many bonds between C atoms

A

One double bond (monounsaturated)

More than one double bond (polyunsaturated)

32
Q

Monounsaturated means

A

One double bond

33
Q

Polyunsaturated means

A

More than one double bond

34
Q

Main component of cell membranes are

A

Phospholipids

35
Q

In phospholipids a ______ group replaces the third fatty acid

A

Phosphate

36
Q

The phosphate group attached to a R group of various atoms is (non-polar or polar) and (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

A

Polar and hydrophilic

37
Q

Two other lipids are

A

Steroids and waxes

38
Q

Lipids composed of four attached C-based rings are

A

Steroids

39
Q

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are

A

Steroids

40
Q

Which is a component of animal cell membranes: cholesterol testosterone or estrogen

A

Cholesterol

41
Q

Fatty material can accumulate inside blood vessels when what is in high levels

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

What lipid is composed of long C-based chains

A

Waxes

43
Q

What is solid at room temp and has diverse chemical structures

A

Waxes

44
Q

Waxes can be produced by plants or animals?

A

Both

45
Q

Proteins are biological macromolecules T/F

A

T

46
Q

What is composed of amino acid monomers

A

Proteins

47
Q

What type of bonds are proteins linked by

A

Covalent bonds

48
Q

Amino acids are organic molecules composed of what

A

An amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydroxyl group
A variable R group

49
Q

What are functions of proteins

A 
Catalyzing chemical rxns
Providing structural support 
Transporting substances 
Enabling organisms to move 
Regulating cellular processes (hormones)
Providing defence from disease (antibodies)
50
Q

Amino acids joined by covalent bonds are called

A

Peptide bonds

51
Q

Peptide bonds are a structure of

A

Proteins

52
Q

Peptide bonds form between ______ group and one amino acid and one amino group

A

Carboxyl

53
Q

Polymers composed of many amino acids linked by covalent bonds are

A

Polypeptides

54
Q

How many polypeptides are proteins composed of

A

One or more

55
Q

What are the levels of organization of proteins

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

56
Q

Linear sequence of amino acids is what level

A

Primary

57
Q

Folding based on hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions is what level of organization

A

Tertiary

58
Q

Multiple polypeptides joining more than one polymer chain of amino acids is what level of organization

A

Quaternary

59
Q

H bonding contributes to alpha helix or beta pleated structure

A

Secondary

60
Q

What two situation cause proteins to unfold

A

Extreme hot or cold

Exposure to certain chemicals

61
Q

What is denaturation of proteins

A

Causes proteins to unfold

62
Q

When does denaturation occur

A

R groups are disturbed and intermolecular bonds break

63
Q

Deoxyribnucleic acid is

A

DNA

64
Q

DNA contains the

A

Genetic info for a cell

65
Q

Ribonucleic acid is

A

RNA

66
Q

RNA assists the process of ______ DNA info into the ________ sequences of proteins

A

Decoding / amino acid

67
Q

Nucleotides have 3 components covalently bonded

A

Phosphate group
Sugar with 5 C atoms
N-containing base

68
Q

DNA and RNA have a backbone of alternating _____ groups and _____

A

Phosphate groups and sugars

69
Q

Helix is the shape of

A

DNA

70
Q

What helps the two strands of DNA stay together

A

H bond

71
Q

How many h bonds occur between G and C base pairs of DNA

A

3 h bonds

72
Q

How many h bonds occur between A and T base pairs of DNA

A

2 h bonds

73
Q

How many strands is RNA

A

1

Biology (2 decks)

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