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PSYC2021 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Statistics

A

Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information

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2
Q

Sample

A

Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

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3
Q

Parameter

A

A value that describes a population.

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4
Q

Statistic

A

A value that describes a sample

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5
Q

Datum (raw score/score)

A

A singular measurement/observation

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6
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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7
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Methods that use sample data to make general statements about a population

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8
Q

Sampling Error

A

Difference between a population parameter and a sample statistic used to estimate it

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9
Q

What is a statistic derived from?

A

Derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

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10
Q

what is an issue with using a sample?

A

Provides limited information about the population

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11
Q

Cofounded

A

Factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result

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12
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that is manipulated by the researcher

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13
Q

Dependent Variable

A

One that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

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14
Q

Control Condition

A

Do not receive the experimental treatment, they either receive no treatment, a neutral, placebo treatment

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15
Q

Experimental Condition

A

Receive the experimental treatment

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16
Q

Quasi- independent variable

A

“independent variable” that is used to create the
different groups of scores in a nonexperimental study

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17
Q

What is the correlational method? (One Group, Two variables)

A

Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

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18
Q

What is a limitation of the correlational method?

A

Does not provide an explanation for the relationship between the variables

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19
Q

What is the experimental method?

A

One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured

20
Q

What is the goal of an experimental study?

A

Demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

21
Q

What are the two characteristics of an experimental study?

A

1) Manipulation: Researcher manipulates one variable and observes the second variable to see if the manipulation has caused a change to occur

2) Control: Researcher must control certain variables to ensure the extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined

22
Q

What are the two general categories of variables that researchers must consider?

A

1) Participant Variables: Described as the differing individual characteristics that may impact how a participant responds in an experiment

2) Environmental Variables: Factors (variables) that exist in an individual’s physical environment that influence behavior.

23
Q

What are three techniques researchers use to control other variables?

A

1) Random Assignment: The use of chance procedures to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group.

2) Matching: Ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environments.

3) Holding variables constant: An example of this is having on 10 year old boys participating in a study which means age and gender are held constant

24
Q

What is a non-experimental method?

A

Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

25
Q

What are two examples of non-experimental research methods?

A

1) Non-equivalent groups
2) Pre-post Studies

26
Q

Non-equivalent groups

A

One where the assignment of participants to groups is not controlled by the investigator

27
Q

Pre-post studies

A

1) Measures outcomes in a group of participants before introducing a product or other intervention, and then again afterwards
2) Researchers have no control over variables that change with time

28
Q

Constructs

A

Any complex psychological concept (love, honesty, fear)

29
Q

Operational Definition

A

The statement of procedures the researcher is going to use in order to measure a specific variable

30
Q

Discrete Variables

A

Consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories

31
Q

Continuous Variables

A

Infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values (time, height, weight)

32
Q

Real limits

A

Boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

33
Q

Upper Real Limit

A

Top of the interval

34
Q

Lower Real Limit

A

Bottom of the interval

35
Q

What does a nominal scale consist of?

A
  • Consists of a set of categories that have different names
  • ns.
36
Q

Measurement on a nominal scale label and categorize observations but do not _________

A

make quantitative distinctions between observations.

37
Q

What does an ordinal scale consist of?

A

Consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence

38
Q

Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms what?

A

Size and magnitude

39
Q

What does an Interval Scale consist of?

A

Consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size
- Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude

40
Q

What does the zero point on the interval scale represent?

A

It is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured

41
Q

Examples of Interval Scale

A

Celsius and Fahrenheit

42
Q

A ratio scale is a ____ scale with the additional feature of an absolute _______

A

interval; absolute

43
Q

In a ratio scale, do the numbers reflect ratios of magnitude?

A

Yes

44
Q

Examples of ratio scales

A

physical measures such as height, weight, enzyme activity and reaction rates

45
Q

Add/Substract

A

Interval and Ratio

46
Q

Multiply/Divide

A

Ratio

PSYC2021 (7 decks)

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