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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of body structures and relationships among body parts

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Study of specific regions of the body. What is it under?

A

Regional Anatomy (Under Gross Anatomy)

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4
Q

Study of structures without using a microscope. (What is it under?)

A

Gross Anatomy (A subdivision of anatomy)

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5
Q

Study of specific system of the body. What is it under?

A

Systemic Anatomy (Subdivision of gross anatomy)

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6
Q

Study of body surface. What is it classified under?

A

Surface Anatomy (subdivision of gross anatomy)

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7
Q

Study of small structures by using a microscope. What is it classified under?

A

Microscopic Anatomy (Anatomy subdivision)

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8
Q

Study of tissues of the body. What is it classified under?

A

Histology (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy)

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9
Q

Study of cells of the body. What is it classified under?

A

Cytology (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy)

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10
Q

Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to an adult form. What is it classified under?

A

Development anatomy (Under Anatomy)

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11
Q

Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to the eight week of development. What is it under?

A

Embryology (Under developmental anatomy)

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12
Q

Study of the body structure using x-rays and other types of rays. What is it under?

A

Radiographic anatomy (Under anatomy)

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13
Q

Study of structural changes associated with diseases. What is this classified under?

A

Pathological anatomy (Anatomy)

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14
Q

Study of the functions of the nervous system. What is it under?

A

Neurophysiology (Physiology)

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15
Q

Study of hormones and their control of body functions. What is it under?

A

Endocrinology (Physiology)

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16
Q

Study of the functions of heart, blood and blood vessels. What is it under?

A

Cardiovascular Physiology (Physiology)

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17
Q

Study of how the body defends itself from diseases. What is it under?

A

Immunology (Physiology)

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18
Q

Study of the functions of the lung system. (?)

A

Respiratory physiology (Physiology)

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19
Q

Study of the functions of the kidney system (?)

A

Renal Physiology (Physiology)

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20
Q

Study of functional changes in the body during exercise. (?)

A

Exercise physiology (Physiology)

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21
Q

Study of functional changes associated with diseases (?)

A

Pathophysiology (physiology)

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22
Q

Study of the functions of the reproductive system. (?)

A

Reproductive Physiology (Physiology)

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23
Q

Organization of the human body

A

Chemical level - Cellular level - Tissue level - Organ level - System level - Organismic level

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24
Q

Major Organs: Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, Nails

A

Integumentary System

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25
Functions: ~Protects against environmental hazards ~Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information
Integumentary System
26
Major Organs: -Bones -Cartilages -Associated ligaments -Bone Marrow
Skeletal system
27
Functions: -Provides support and protection for other tissues. -Stores calcium and other minerals. -Forms blood cells
The Skeletal System
28
Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Muscular System
29
Functions: Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Muscular system
30
Major Organs Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves Sense Organs
Nervous system
31
Functions: -Directs immediate responses to stimuli -Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems -Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Nervous system
32
Major Organs: Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Suprarenal glands Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Endocrine System
33
Functions: -Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems. -Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body. -Controls many structural and functional changes during development.
Endocrine System
34
Major Organs: -Heart -Blood -Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular System
35
Functions: -Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. -Distribute heat and assists in control of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
36
Major Organs: -Spleen -Thymus -Lymphatic vessels -Lymph nodes -Tonsils
Lymphoid System
37
Functions: -Defends against infection and disease. -Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Lymphoid System
38
Major Organs: -Nasal cavities -Sinuses -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi -Lungs -Alveoli
Respiratory System
39
Functions: -Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) -Provides oxygen to bloodstream -Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream -Produces sounds for communication
Respiratory System
40
Major Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.
Digestive System
41
Functions: -Processes and digests food. -Absorbs and conserves water -Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats -Stores energy reserves
Digestive System
42
Major Organs: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Urinary System
43
Functions: -Excretes waste products from the blood. -Controls water balance by regulating volume of irons produced. -Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination. -Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Urinary System
44
Major Organs: Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum
Make Reproductive System
45
Functions: -Produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones
Male Reproductive System
46
Major Organs: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands
Female Reproductive System
47
Functions: -Produces female sex cells and hormones. -Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery -Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
Female Reproductive System
48
All the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Metabolism
49
Ability to detect and respond to external and internal stimuli.
Responsiveness
50
Moving of cells, organs, body parts or the whole body.
Movement
51
Increase in body size due to increase in cell number, cell size, or non-living matrix.
Growth
52
Cells changing from unspecialized to specialized state.
Differentiation
53
Formation of new cells or new individual.
Reproduction
54
Reactions where large complex molecules are made from smaller simpler molecules. As the chemical bonds of the large molecule are formed, energy is trapped in the bonds. Synthesis (building up)
Anabolism
55
Reactions where large complex molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules. As the chemical bonds of the large molecule are broken, energy is released. Degradation.
Catabolism
56
Change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism
Development
57
Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits. EX: Blood glucose level is kept within narrow range 70-110/100 ml
Homeostasis
58
An ideal normal value
Set point
59
Maintaining functions around the set point.
Range
60
Systems that controls homeostasis
Nervous and Endocrine system
61
How does the nervous system control homeostasis?
Controls by sending impulses to the brain and spinal cord and then to the effectors (muscles and glands)
62
How does the endocrine system control homeostasis?
Controls by regulating hormone secretion of the endocrine glands.
63
A cycle of events by which homeostasis is maintained
Feedback Mechanism
64
Senses changes in the external and internal environment
Receptor
65
Evaluates the input and dictates the required changes
Control center (Brain)
66
Makes the required changes
Effector
67
The response reinforces the stimulus. Ex: Regulation of muscle contraction during childbirth
Positive feedback mechanism
68
The response opposes the stimulus (opposite effect) EX: Regulation of BP
Negative Feedback Mechanism
69
Moderate changes in homeostasis that can be detected by symptoms or signs.
Disease
70
Severe changes in homeostasis
Death
71
Ways to examine the Human body
-Non-invasive techniques -Laboratory tests -Medical imaging -Surgery
72
A specific position of the body that can be used as a reference
Body positions
73
Person standing upright, facing the observer, feet flat on the ground and pointing forward, arms hanging on the sides, palms open and facing forward.
Erect position (Anatomical position)
74
Person lying face down
Prone position
75
Person lying face up
Supine position
76
Terms used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another.
Directional terms
77
Towards the head
Superior
78
Away from the head
Inferior
79
Towards the midline
Medial
80
Away from the midline
Lateral
81
Towards the attachment of the limb
Proximal
82
Away from the attachment of the limb
Distal
83
Towards the front
Anterior (ventral)
84
Towards the back
Posterior (dorsal)
85
On the same side of the body
ipsilateral
86
On the opposite sides of the body
Contralateral
87
Used to study 3 dimensional structure of the body or body part
Planes and Sections
88
Imaginary cut surfaces that are used to study the body or organs
Planes
89
Actual cut surfaces that are used to study the body or organs
Sections
90
Divides the body or an organ into left and right sides
Sagittal plane/section
91
Cut through the midline Produces equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane/section
92
Cut away from the midline Produces unequal right and left halves
Parasagittal plane/section
93
Divides the body or an organ into front and back sides
Frontal or coronal
94
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
Body cavities
95
Which abdominopelvic quadrant contains the stomach?
Left Upper
96
The diaphragm separates which two body cavities
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity
97
Are the stomach and liver contralateral?
True
98
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous are terms used to describe
Tissues
99
Covers and protects inner and outer surfaces, such as the outside of the body and inside of hollow organs
Epithelial tissues
100
Connects, supports, separates, and protects body organs and other tissues
Connective tissue
101
Create movement within the body
Muscle tissue
102
Contracts to create movement within the body
Muscle tissue
103
Carrie’s information between body parts by sending signals through nerves
Nervous tissue
104
These are sent to organs to assist in counteracting changes in homeostasis
Action potentials (nerve impulses)
105
In an X-ray, hollow structures (lungs) appear as shades of what color
Black
106
In an X-ray, dense structures (bone or breast tissue) appear as shades of what color
White
107
Divides the superior part of the body from the inferior part of the body
Transverse plane
108
Aqueous humor and vitreous body are fluids found within the
Eyeball
109
The study of how drugs test diseases in the body
Pharmacology
110
A sensor that monitors changes in a controlled condition
Receptor
111
Reads proton response in fluids and tissues to a high energy magnetic field. The varied response in different types of tissues result in high contrast images.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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