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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of body structures and relationships among body parts

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Study of specific regions of the body. What is it under?

A

Regional Anatomy (Under Gross Anatomy)

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4
Q

Study of structures without using a microscope. (What is it under?)

A

Gross Anatomy (A subdivision of anatomy)

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5
Q

Study of specific system of the body. What is it under?

A

Systemic Anatomy (Subdivision of gross anatomy)

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6
Q

Study of body surface. What is it classified under?

A

Surface Anatomy (subdivision of gross anatomy)

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7
Q

Study of small structures by using a microscope. What is it classified under?

A

Microscopic Anatomy (Anatomy subdivision)

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8
Q

Study of tissues of the body. What is it classified under?

A

Histology (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy)

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9
Q

Study of cells of the body. What is it classified under?

A

Cytology (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy)

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10
Q

Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to an adult form. What is it classified under?

A

Development anatomy (Under Anatomy)

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11
Q

Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to the eight week of development. What is it under?

A

Embryology (Under developmental anatomy)

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12
Q

Study of the body structure using x-rays and other types of rays. What is it under?

A

Radiographic anatomy (Under anatomy)

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13
Q

Study of structural changes associated with diseases. What is this classified under?

A

Pathological anatomy (Anatomy)

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14
Q

Study of the functions of the nervous system. What is it under?

A

Neurophysiology (Physiology)

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15
Q

Study of hormones and their control of body functions. What is it under?

A

Endocrinology (Physiology)

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16
Q

Study of the functions of heart, blood and blood vessels. What is it under?

A

Cardiovascular Physiology (Physiology)

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17
Q

Study of how the body defends itself from diseases. What is it under?

A

Immunology (Physiology)

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18
Q

Study of the functions of the lung system. (?)

A

Respiratory physiology (Physiology)

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19
Q

Study of the functions of the kidney system (?)

A

Renal Physiology (Physiology)

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20
Q

Study of functional changes in the body during exercise. (?)

A

Exercise physiology (Physiology)

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21
Q

Study of functional changes associated with diseases (?)

A

Pathophysiology (physiology)

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22
Q

Study of the functions of the reproductive system. (?)

A

Reproductive Physiology (Physiology)

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23
Q

Organization of the human body

A

Chemical level - Cellular level - Tissue level - Organ level - System level - Organismic level

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24
Q

Major Organs: Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, Nails

A

Integumentary System

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25
Q

Functions:
~Protects against environmental hazards
~Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information

A

Integumentary System

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26
Q

Major Organs:
-Bones
-Cartilages
-Associated ligaments
-Bone Marrow

A

Skeletal system

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27
Q

Functions:
-Provides support and protection for other tissues.
-Stores calcium and other minerals.
-Forms blood cells

A

The Skeletal System

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28
Q

Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

A

Muscular System

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29
Q

Functions:
Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature

A

Muscular system

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30
Q

Major Organs
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Sense Organs

A

Nervous system

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31
Q

Functions:
-Directs immediate responses to stimuli
-Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
-Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

A

Nervous system

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32
Q

Major Organs:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Suprarenal glands
Gonads (testes and ovaries)

A

Endocrine System

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33
Q

Functions:
-Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
-Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
-Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

A

Endocrine System

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34
Q

Major Organs:
-Heart
-Blood
-Blood Vessels

A

Cardiovascular System

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35
Q

Functions:
-Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
-Distribute heat and assists in control of body temperature.

A

Cardiovascular System

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36
Q

Major Organs:
-Spleen
-Thymus
-Lymphatic vessels
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils

A

Lymphoid System

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37
Q

Functions:
-Defends against infection and disease.
-Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

A

Lymphoid System

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38
Q

Major Organs:
-Nasal cavities
-Sinuses
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
-Alveoli

A

Respiratory System

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39
Q

Functions:
-Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
-Provides oxygen to bloodstream
-Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
-Produces sounds for communication

A

Respiratory System

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40
Q

Major Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.

A

Digestive System

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41
Q

Functions:
-Processes and digests food.
-Absorbs and conserves water
-Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats
-Stores energy reserves

A

Digestive System

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42
Q

Major Organs: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

A

Urinary System

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43
Q

Functions:
-Excretes waste products from the blood.
-Controls water balance by regulating volume of irons produced.
-Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
-Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

A

Urinary System

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44
Q

Major Organs: Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum

A

Make Reproductive System

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45
Q

Functions:
-Produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones

A

Male Reproductive System

46
Q

Major Organs:
Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands

A

Female Reproductive System

47
Q

Functions:
-Produces female sex cells and hormones.
-Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
-Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

A

Female Reproductive System

48
Q

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

A

Metabolism

49
Q

Ability to detect and respond to external and internal stimuli.

A

Responsiveness

50
Q

Moving of cells, organs, body parts or the whole body.

A

Movement

51
Q

Increase in body size due to increase in cell number, cell size, or non-living matrix.

A

Growth

52
Q

Cells changing from unspecialized to specialized state.

A

Differentiation

53
Q

Formation of new cells or new individual.

A

Reproduction

54
Q

Reactions where large complex molecules are made from smaller simpler molecules. As the chemical bonds of the large molecule are formed, energy is trapped in the bonds. Synthesis (building up)

A

Anabolism

55
Q

Reactions where large complex molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules. As the chemical bonds of the large molecule are broken, energy is released. Degradation.

A

Catabolism

56
Q

Change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism

A

Development

57
Q

Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits.
EX: Blood glucose level is kept within narrow range 70-110/100 ml

A

Homeostasis

58
Q

An ideal normal value

A

Set point

59
Q

Maintaining functions around the set point.

A

Range

60
Q

Systems that controls homeostasis

A

Nervous and Endocrine system

61
Q

How does the nervous system control homeostasis?

A

Controls by sending impulses to the brain and spinal cord and then to the effectors (muscles and glands)

62
Q

How does the endocrine system control homeostasis?

A

Controls by regulating hormone secretion of the endocrine glands.

63
Q

A cycle of events by which homeostasis is maintained

A

Feedback Mechanism

64
Q

Senses changes in the external and internal environment

A

Receptor

65
Q

Evaluates the input and dictates the required changes

A

Control center (Brain)

66
Q

Makes the required changes

A

Effector

67
Q

The response reinforces the stimulus.
Ex: Regulation of muscle contraction during childbirth

A

Positive feedback mechanism

68
Q

The response opposes the stimulus (opposite effect)
EX: Regulation of BP

A

Negative Feedback Mechanism

69
Q

Moderate changes in homeostasis that can be detected by symptoms or signs.

A

Disease

70
Q

Severe changes in homeostasis

A

Death

71
Q

Ways to examine the Human body

A

-Non-invasive techniques
-Laboratory tests
-Medical imaging
-Surgery

72
Q

A specific position of the body that can be used as a reference

A

Body positions

73
Q

Person standing upright, facing the observer, feet flat on the ground and pointing forward, arms hanging on the sides, palms open and facing forward.

A

Erect position (Anatomical position)

74
Q

Person lying face down

A

Prone position

75
Q

Person lying face up

A

Supine position

76
Q

Terms used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another.

A

Directional terms

77
Q

Towards the head

A

Superior

78
Q

Away from the head

A

Inferior

79
Q

Towards the midline

A

Medial

80
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

81
Q

Towards the attachment of the limb

A

Proximal

82
Q

Away from the attachment of the limb

A

Distal

83
Q

Towards the front

A

Anterior (ventral)

84
Q

Towards the back

A

Posterior (dorsal)

85
Q

On the same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

86
Q

On the opposite sides of the body

A

Contralateral

87
Q

Used to study 3 dimensional structure of the body or body part

A

Planes and Sections

88
Q

Imaginary cut surfaces that are used to study the body or organs

A

Planes

89
Q

Actual cut surfaces that are used to study the body or organs

A

Sections

90
Q

Divides the body or an organ into left and right sides

A

Sagittal plane/section

91
Q

Cut through the midline
Produces equal right and left halves

A

Midsagittal plane/section

92
Q

Cut away from the midline
Produces unequal right and left halves

A

Parasagittal plane/section

93
Q

Divides the body or an organ into front and back sides

A

Frontal or coronal

94
Q

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs

A

Body cavities

95
Q

Which abdominopelvic quadrant contains the stomach?

A

Left Upper

96
Q

The diaphragm separates which two body cavities

A

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity

97
Q

Are the stomach and liver contralateral?

A

True

98
Q

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous are terms used to describe

A

Tissues

99
Q

Covers and protects inner and outer surfaces, such as the outside of the body and inside of hollow organs

A

Epithelial tissues

100
Q

Connects, supports, separates, and protects body organs and other tissues

A

Connective tissue

101
Q

Create movement within the body

A

Muscle tissue

102
Q

Contracts to create movement within the body

A

Muscle tissue

103
Q

Carrie’s information between body parts by sending signals through nerves

A

Nervous tissue

104
Q

These are sent to organs to assist in counteracting changes in homeostasis

A

Action potentials (nerve impulses)

105
Q

In an X-ray, hollow structures (lungs) appear as shades of what color

A

Black

106
Q

In an X-ray, dense structures (bone or breast tissue) appear as shades of what color

A

White

107
Q

Divides the superior part of the body from the inferior part of the body

A

Transverse plane

108
Q

Aqueous humor and vitreous body are fluids found within the

A

Eyeball

109
Q

The study of how drugs test diseases in the body

A

Pharmacology

110
Q

A sensor that monitors changes in a controlled condition

A

Receptor

111
Q

Reads proton response in fluids and tissues to a high energy magnetic field. The varied response in different types of tissues result in high contrast images.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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