Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Dissection
the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
Physiology
is the science of body functions-how the body parts work.
Developmental biology
the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death
Embryology
The first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology.
Cell biology
Cellular structure and functions.
Histology
Microscopic structure of tissues.
Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
Surface (topographical) anatomy
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
Imaging anatomy
Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
Clinical anatomy
The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Molecular physiology
Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cells.
Endocrinology
(physiology) Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
Respiratory physiology
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Renal physiology
Functions of the kidneys.
Exercise physiology
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures are involved?
Respiratory physiology; structures involved are lungs, alveoli, trachea, etc.
Give an example of structure related to its function.
Eyelashes collects dusts and particles from entering into the eyes.
What are the six levels of structural organization?
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, System, and Organismal level.
What is chemical level?
Chemical level is a very basic level, which includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
What atoms are essential for maintaining life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, and Sulfur.
Provide two examples of chemical level.
DNA and glucose
What is Cellular level?
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Among the many kinds of cells in your body are _____, _____, and _____.
muscle fibres (cells), nerve cells, and epithelial cells.
What is tissue level?
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
What are the four basic types of tissues in your body?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
What is the function of connective tissue?
connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to the tissues.
What is the function of muscular tissue?
contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat.
What is the function of nervous tissue?
carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
What is organ level?
At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
What are the examples of organs?
stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
What is system level?
A system consists of related organs with common function.
Provide an example of the system level? (Also called an organ-system level?)
Digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food.
What is organismal level?
All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?
Organ level.
What are the 11 systems of the human body
Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphoid system and immunity, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and genital (reproductive) systems.
What are the components that include in integumentary system?
skin, hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
What are the functions of integumentary system?
protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
What are the components in skeletal system?
bones and joints of the body and cartilages.
What are the functions of skeletal system?
supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
What are the components of muscular system?
skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
What are the functions of muscular system?
participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and is the major source of heat production.
What are the components in nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
What are the functions of nervous system?
Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
What are the components of endocrine system?
Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
What are the functions of endocrine system?
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
What are the components of cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart and blood vessels.
What are the functions of cardiovascular system?
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
What are the components of Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity?
Lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma) and lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
What are the functions of Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity?
Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
What are the components of Respiratory System?
Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.
What are the functions of respiratory system?
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
What are the components of digestive system?
Organs of digestive canal (gastrointestinal tract), a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
What are the functions of digestive system?
achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
What are the components of urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What are the functions of urinary system?
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
What are the components of Genital (Reproductive) Systems?
Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, and penis in males)
What are the functions of Genital (Reproductive) Systems?
Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.
What is noninvasive diagnostic technique?
A noninvasive diagnostic technique is one that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
What is inspection?
the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.
What is palpation? Give an example.
In palpation the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands. An example is palpating the abdomen neck to detect enlarged or tender lymph nodes.
What is auscultation? Give an example.
In auscultation the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds. An example is auscultation of the lungs during breathing to check for crackling sounds associated with abnormal fluid accumulation.
What is percussion? Give example.
In percussion the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound. For example, percussion may reveal the abnormal presence of fluid in the lungs or air in the intestines.
At what levels of organization would an exercise physiologist study the human body?
Cellular level and organ level.
Referring to the eleven systems of the human body, which body systems help eliminate wastes?
Integumentary system, cardiovascular system, digestive system and urinary system.
What are the six most important life processes of the human body?
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.
What is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Catabolism and anabolism
What is catabolism?
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
What is anabolism?
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
What is responsiveness?
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
What are the two examples of “cells respond to environmental changes”?
- Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals known as nerve impulses
- Muscle cells respond by contracting, which generates force to move body parts
What is movement?
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
What is growth?
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. In addition, a tissue sometimes increases in size because the amount of material between cells increases
What is differentiation?
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
What are stem cells?
Precursor cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
What is reproduction?
refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.
What is autopsy?
a postmortem (after-death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.
What is homeostasis?
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
What is the important aspect of homeostasis?
maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
What is intracellular fluid(ICF)?
the fluid within cells, also called cytosol.
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
The fluid outside body cells.
What is interstitial fluid?
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
What is the difference between blood plasma and lymph plasma?
ECF within blood vessels is called blood plasma. ECF within lymphatic vessels is called lymph plasma.
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
What is synovial fluid?
ECF in joints
What is aqueous humor vitreous body?
ECF of the eyes
Which systems regulates homeostasis?
Nervous system and endocrine system
What does nervous system do related to homeostasis?
regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. Typically causes rapid changes.
What does endocrine system do related to homeostasis?
Includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood. Hormones work more slowly.
How does a nutrient in the external environment reach a body cell?
A nutrient moves from the external environment into blood plasma via the digestive system, then into the interstitial fluid, and then to a body cell.
What is feedback system?
cycle events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
What is controlled condition (controlled variable)?
Monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level.
What is stimulus?
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
A receptor, a control center, and an effector.
What is receptors?
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
What is afferent pathway?
information flows toward the control center.
What is control center?
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
How does output occur?
Typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals.
What is efferent pathway?
the information flows away from the control center
What is effector?
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
Negative feedback brings the controlled condition into normal state. Positive feedback enhances the change of controlled condition.
What is negative feedback system?
reverses a change in a controlled condition.
What is a positive feedback system?
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback?
When something causes blood pressure to decrease, then heart rate increases due to operation of this negative feedback system.
Why do positive feedback systems that are part of a normal physiological response include some mechanism that terminates the system?
Because positive feedback systems continually intensify or reinforce the original stimulus, some mechanism is needed to end the response.
What are the factors that include in health?
The environment and your own behaviour, your genetic makeup, the air you breathe, the food you eat, and even the thoughts you think
What is a disorder?
any abnormality of structure or function.
What is disease?
a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
What is a local disease?
affects one part or a limited region of the body
What is a systemic disease?
affects either the entire body or several parts of it
What are symptoms?
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Examples are headache, nausea and anxiety.
What are signs?
Objective changes that a health care professional can observe or measure. Signs can be anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological, such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.
What is epidemiology?
the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community.
What is pharmacology?
the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
What is diagnosis?
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.
Describe the locations of intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma.
Intracellular fluid- inside the cell
Extracellular fluid- outside the cell
Interstitial fluid- narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Blood plasma- within blood vessels
Why is extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the body?
Because extracellular fluid is located inside the body, not outside, and it is found outside the cells, not inside.
What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system?
low or high blood pressure, low or high glucose level
What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease? Give examples of each.
Symptoms occur when there are subjective changes in body functions. For example, headache
Signs occur when there are objective changes in body functions. For example, fever
What is anatomical position?
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference
How does the subject stands in terms of anatomical position?
The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
What is prone position?
The body is lying facedown
What is supine position?
The body is lying faceup.
What are the principal regions that can be identified externally?
Head, neck, trunk, upper limb, lower limb
What is the head consists of?
consists of the bones and associated soft tissues such as the skin, muscles, and nervous system structures.
What does the neck supports and attaches to?
the head and attaches it to the trunk
What does the trunk include?
chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Where are the upper limbs attached to and what does it consists of?
Upper limbs are attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpits, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
What are directional terms?
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
What are planes?
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
What is a sagittal plane?
a longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
What is a median plane?
When such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
What is midline?
an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.
What is a paramedian plane?
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
What is coronal (front) plane?
also a longitudinal plane but it divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
What is a transverse plane?
a horizontal plane that divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
What is oblique plane?
passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle.
What is the usefulness of defining one standard anatomical position?
Having one standard anatomical position allows directional terms to be clearly defined so that any body part can be described in relation to any other part.
What is a section?
a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
What are body cavities?
spaces that enclose internal organs.
What is the cranial cavity?
bones form a hollow space of the head.
What is vertebral canal?
A formation of the vertebral column bones, which contains the spinal cord.
What surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges, and a shock-absorbing fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).
What does superior mean?
Described toward the upper part of the body
What does inferior mean?
toward the lower part of the body.
Give an example of superior
The heart is superior to the liver
Give an example of inferior
The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
What is anterior?
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
What is an example of anterior?
The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart.
Give an example of posterior?
The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
What is medial?
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body externally into equal right and left sides).
Give an example of medial.
The ulna is medial to the radius.
What is lateral?
Farther from the midline.
Give an example of lateral.
The lungs are lateral to the heart.
What is intermediate?
Between two structures.
Give an example of intermediate?
The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.
What is ipsilateral?
On the same side of the body as another structure.
Give an example of ipsilateral?
The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral
What is contralateral?
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
Give an example for contralateral?
The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.
What is proximal?
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Give an example of proximal.
The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.
What is distal?
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Give an example of distal.
The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).
What is superficial?
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Give an example of superficial.
The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
What is Deep?
Away fro the surface of the body.
Give an example of deep.
The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
Is the radius proximal to the humerus?
No. Radius is distal to the humerus.
Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea?
No. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?
Yes. The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon?
Yes. The urinary bladder is medial to the ascending colon.
Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon?
No. Sternum is medial to the descending colon.
What is thoracic cavity (chest cavity)?
formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
What is pericardial cavity?
A fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart.
What is pleural cavities?
two fluid-filled spaces, one around each lung.
What is mediastinum?
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum.
Where is mediastinum located?
It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
What does mediastinum contain?
The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart.
What is the diaphragm?
a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Which plane divides the body in specific ways?
Median, paramedian, coronal, transverse, and oblique planes divide the body in specific ways.
Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions?
Coronal plane
Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions?
Paramedian plane
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
What are the two portions of abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
What is abdominal cavity?
The superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
What is pelvic cavity?
The inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and most of the internal organs of the genital systems.
What is viscera?
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and called viscera.
What is a membrane?
A membrane is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
Give an example of membrane.
One example is a slippery, doubled-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly tot he exterior called a serous membrane
What does serous membrane do?
It covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
What are the parts of a serous membrane?
The parietal layer (a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities) and visceral layer (a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities).
What is between the two layers of serous membrane?
Between the two layers is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid). The fluid allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, such as when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing.
In which cavities are the following organs located: urinary bladder, stomach, heart, small intestine, lungs, internal female genital organs, thymus, spleen, liver?
Thoracic cavity- heart, lungs, thymus
Abdominal cavity- stomach, small intestine, spleen, liver
Pelvic cavity- urinary bladder, internal female genital organs,
What is pleura?
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities
What does the visceral pleura do?
visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs
What is parietal pleura?
lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
What is in between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura?
Pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.
What is pericardium?
the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.
What is the visceral pericardium?
covers the surface of the heart
What is the parietal pericardium?
lines the chest wall
What is between visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium?
Pericardial cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.
What is peritoneum?
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
What is the visceral peritoneum?
covers the abdominal viscera
What is the parietal peritoneum?
lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
What is between visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum?
Peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.
What is the name of the cavity that surrounds the heart? Which cavities surround the lungs?
The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, and the pleural cavities surround the lungs.
To which body systems do the organs shown here within the abdominal and pelvic cavities belong?
Urinary system, digestive system
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal, hypogastric, and left inguinal
What is the simpler method that divides the abdoominopelvic cavity?
Quadrants
What are umbilicus?
Belly button
What are the names of abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
What is aging?
a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis.
In which abdominopelvic region is each of the following found: most of the liver, ascending colon, urinary bladder, and most of the small intestine?
Most of the liver-epigastric region, ascending colon-right lateral region, urinary bladder-hypogastric region, most of the small intestine-umbilical region.
In which abdominopelvic quadrant would pain from appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) be felt?
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
What are the changes that occur with aging?
wrinkled skin, gray hair, loss of bone mass, decreased muscle mass and strength, diminished reflexes, decreased production of some hormones, increased incidence of heart disease
What is medical imaging?
refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.
What are the common medical imaging procedures?
radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound scanning, coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan, positron emission tomography (PET), endoscopy, radionuclide scanning
What is the procedure for radiography?
a single barrage of x-rays passes through the body, producing an imaging of interior structures on x-ray-sensitive film. The resulting two-dimensional image is a radiograph, commonly called an x-ray
What is the procedure of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
The body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, which causes protons in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field.
What is the procedure of computed tomography (CT)?
in this form of computer-assisted radiography, an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs.
What is the procedure of ultrasound scanning?
High-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument. The image, which may be still or moving, is called a sonogram and is shown on a video monitor.
What is coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan?
Used primarily to determine if there are any coronary artery blockages that may require an intervention such as angioplasty or stent.
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
used to study the physiology of body structures, such as metabolism in the brain or heart.
What is endoscopy?
involves the visual examination of the body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with lenses called an endoscope. Examples include colonoscopy (used to examine the interior of the colon, which is part of the large intestine), laparoscopy (used to examine the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity), and arthroscopy (used to examine the interior of a joint, usually the knee).
What is radionuclide scanning?
used to study activity of a tissue or organ, such as searching for malignant tumours in body tissue or scars that may interfere with heart muscle activity.
