chapter 1

Question 1

__________ is a mental shortcut that can lead to systematic error.

Answer 1

Heuristic

Question 2

The roots of the scientific method can be traced to

Answer 2

Natural philosophy

Question 3

________ constitute empirical evidence against which all scientific knowledge is tested.

Answer 3

Data

Question 4

________ is a common metric used throughout science to determine the strength of empirical evidence, or the probability that the obtained results from psychological studies are due to chance

Answer 4

P-value

Question 5

Which of the following question would be considered a question best addressed through the scientific method?

Answer 5

Does Prozac work?

Question 6

In philosophy, “is” questions are to_______ as “ought” questions are to ________.

Answer 6

Empiricism, Ethics

Question 7

Which of the following statements is not an example of a testable hypothesis?

Answer 7

Cigarette smoking should be banned in all college dormitories.

Question 8

The _______ hypothesis makes a prediction before collecting data.

Answer 8

A priori

Question 9

______predicts, and a _________ explains

Answer 9

Hypothesis, Theory

Question 10

The _________ variable measures the effect of a manipulated variable.

Answer 10

Dependent

Question 11

The _____variable is manipulated.

Answer 11

Independent

Question 12

_________ is an attribute like height, weight, or happiness that is measurable and that is assigned changing values.

Answer 12

Variable

Question 13

________occurs when some members of the population are less likely than others to be included in the study.

Answer 13

Sample bias

Question 14

A researcher wants to maximize __________, the extent to which findings that are derived from a sample can be applied to a wider population.

Answer 14

Generalizability

Question 15

In evaluating a research study, one important question pertains to the validity of the study’s findings. Which of the following questions would you ask if you were concerned about the validity of a study’s findings?

Answer 15

Do the findings of the study generalize to a wider population?

Question 16

In evaluating a research study, one important question pertains to the reliability of the study’s findings. Which of the following questions would you ask if you were concerned about the reliability of a study’s findings?

Answer 16

Have the findings been replicated by other researchers?

Question 17

In evaluating a research study, one important question pertains to the validity of the study’s findings. Which of the following questions would you ask if you were concerned about the validity of a study’s findings?

Answer 17

Did the study provide a true measure of what it meant to investigate?

Question 18

Reliability is to _______as validity is to________.

Answer 18

Consistency, Meaningfulness

Question 19

__________ is often a key cause of pseudoscience

Answer 19

Confirmatory bias