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psychology test 1 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

what does psychology value and focus on?

A

empirical evidence and critical thinking

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3
Q

are pseudopsychologies scientific?

A

no

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4
Q

what makes psychology challenging?

A
  • behaviour is difficult to predict
  • people differ from one another
  • many psychological concepts are difficult to define
  • people react when they are studied
  • culture influences behaviour
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5
Q

what are psychology’s four goals?

A

description, explanation, prediction, change

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6
Q

who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

father of psychology

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7
Q

what is structuralism?

A

human activity and its products, even perception and thought itself, are constructed and not natural and that everything has meaning

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8
Q

what is introspection?

A

where subjects describe what they are experiencing, when you examine your own thoughts and feelings

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9
Q

who created functionalism?

A

James key leader

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10
Q

what is neuroscience?

A

views behaviour from the brain, nervous system

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11
Q

what is psychodynamic?

A

behaviour comes from the inner, unconscious forces that a person has little control over (dreams)

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12
Q

what is cognitive?

A

how people think and understand the world

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13
Q

what is behavioural?

A

observable behaviour

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14
Q

who were the leaders of behavioural?

A

Watson, pavlov and skinner

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15
Q

why did behaviouristic critique freud?

A

because their theories lacked scientific rigour and were difficult to study. the focus of the study should be measured

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16
Q

what is humanistic?

A

people can control their behaviour and try and reach their full potential

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17
Q

who were the key leaders in humanistic?

A

rogers and maslow

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18
Q

what is the cognitive perspective?

A

how people think and understand the world and it includes memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving, judging decision making and language

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19
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model?

A

a model that shows the connection between biology, psychology and socio-environmental factors

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20
Q

what is clinical psychology?

A

deals with the study, diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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21
Q

what is health psychology?

A

deals with relationships between psychology and physical

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22
Q

what is evolutionary psychology?

A

deals with how behaviour is influenced by genetics from our ancestors

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23
Q

what are developmental studies?

A

how people grow and change from birth to death

24
Q

what are personality studies?

A

people’s behaviour over time and the traits that make up a person

25
Q

what is an observation?

A

objective, directly experienced with our senses

26
Q

what is an inference?

A

subject to interpretation, private internal mental activities

27
Q

what is basic psychological research?

A

conducted to advance scientific knowledge

28
Q

what is applied psychological research?

A

conducted to solve practical problems

29
Q

what are the four major research methods?

A

experimental, descriptive, correlational, biological

30
Q
  1. what is experimental research?
A

manipulation and control of variables, identify a cause and effect

31
Q

what are the advantages of experimental research?

A

allows researchers to have control over variables and can identify a cause and effect

32
Q

what are the two groups in experimental research?

A

experimental (receiving the treatment) and control group (no treatment)

33
Q

what is the independent variable and dependent ?(experimental research)

A

independent: being manipulated
dependent: being measured

34
Q

what is experimental bias?

A

factors that change how the independent variable affects the dependent variable

35
Q

what is experimental manipulation?

A

the change that an experimenter produces

36
Q

what are disadvatanges of experimental research for the researcher?

A

experimenter bias and ethnocentrism (one culture is all cultures)

37
Q

what is opetional definition?

A

hypothesis into a testable procedure that can be measured and observed

38
Q
  1. what is descriptive research?
A

investigating a person, group or behaviour (naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies)

39
Q

how to protect your research?

A
  1. random assignment to condition (participants are assigned to different experimental groups)
  2. confound: any variable that could affect the dependent variable and the validity of the experiment
40
Q

what are the two potential participant problems in descriptive research?

A

sample bias: participants are not representative of larger population
participant bias: participants are influenced by the researcher or experiment conditions

41
Q

what are advantages of descriptive research?

A

easier to collect Data, description of events that happened

42
Q

what are disadvantages of descriptive research?

A

no control over variables. biases, cannot explain cause or effect

43
Q

what are ethical guidlines for human participants in research?

A

informed consent, voluntary participation, restricted use of deception, debriefing, confidentiality, alternative activities

44
Q

why are animals used sometimes in research?

A

tehy have a shorter life span, greater experimental control

45
Q

what is placebo?

A

a false treatment

46
Q

what is the double blind procedure?

A

the person who gives the drug shouldnt know if its a true drug or placebo

47
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

observing some naturally occurring behaviour and does not make a change in the situation

48
Q

what is a survey?

A

people are chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions

49
Q

what a case study?

A

an in depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people

50
Q

what is correlational research?

A

relationship between variables

51
Q

what is a positive correlation?

A

two variables moving in the same direction. how are they related and in what way

52
Q

what is a negative correlation?

A

two variables move in opposite direction

53
Q

what is zero correlation?

A

no relationship between two variables

54
Q

what are the advantages of correlational methods?

A

shows relationship between variables

55
Q

what are the disadvantages of correlational methods?

A

cannot identify cause and effect

56
Q

what is biological research?

A

studies the brain and other parts of the nervous system

psychology test 1 (2 decks)

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