Chapter 1 Flashcards by maria burleigh

what are the 3 sub divisions of genetics

transmission, molecular, and population

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transmission genetics

the study of heredity and genes on chromosomes

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molecular genetics

the physical nature of genes

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population genetics

changes in genetics content of populations (evolution)

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gregor mendel

principles of heredity, 1800s

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charles darwin

theory of evolution via natural selection, 1859

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walter sutton

proposed that genes were on chromosomes, 1900s

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thomas morgan

fruit fly model and population genetics, 1900s

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another term for flow of genetic information

central dogma of genetic information

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order of the flow of genetic information

DNA synthesis (replication)
RNA synthesis (transcription)
protein synthesis (translation)

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what are the three categories of the tree of life

bacteria (prokaryote)
archea (prokaryote)
eukarya (eukaryote)

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what differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes

sequence of ribosomal RNA

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characteristics of prokaryotes

single circular chromosome (haploid)
contain genetic information
no nucleus, DNA is in the cytoplasm
less DNA
no membrane bound organelles or cytoskeleton

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characteristics of eukaryotes

massive amount of interior membranes
usually larger cells
pairs of several amounts of linear chromosomes (diploid)
contains nucleus
more DNA
has membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton

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gene

the fundamental unit of heredity

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allele

variant forms of individual genes

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mutation

permanent, heritable change in DNA

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genome

cells complement of genes

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DNA is arranged in cells to form…

chromosomes

virus

simple replicative structure consisting of protein and nucleic acid. the protein coat surrounds a piece of nucleic acid (DNA)
is A cellular, or non cellular

interphase

biggest phase where cell grows

growth 0, a nonreplicating stage

first stage for a new cell

synthesis of DNA

second growth stage

what is needed in order to move on to M phase

replication of genetic information

cytokinesis

division of the cell into 2 new cells

M phase

nuclear and cell division aka mitosis

diploid cell

has two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs

karyotype

comparing of chromosomes

telomeres

important during replication process (stable ends)

centromere

constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach

chromatid

one part of the chromosome

metacentric

centromere in the middle

submetacentric

has one side a bit shorter than the other

acrocentric

has very short P

telocentric

centromere is almost at telomeres

prophase

contains replicated chromosomes

prometaphase

the nuclear membrane disintegrates

metaphase

the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. at each centromere there are connections to microtubule proteins

anaphase

with shortening, the chromosomes are pulled apart from their pairs

telophase

the reestablishment of a new nuclear membrane around the two sets of chromosomes

meiosis

formation of gametes (germ cells) and involves 2 cell divisions

meiosis 1

reduction division

meiosis 2

equational division