Chapter 1

Question 1

Pathological hyperplasia can progress to dysplasia and, eventually, cancer. However, what is one notable exception to this?

Answer 1

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), which does not increase the risk for prostate cancer

Question 2

A decrease in stress (e.g., decreased hormonal stimulation, disuse, or decreased nutrients/blood supply) to an organ leads to?

Answer 2

Atrophy (decrease in organ size)

Question 3

• Atrophy
  1) Decrease in cell number occurs via?
  2) Decrease in cell size occurs via?

Answer 3

1) Apoptosis

2) Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of nuclear components

Question 4

Classic example of Mesenchymal (Connective) Tissue undergoing metaplasia?

Answer 4

Myositis Ossificans, in which connective tissue within muscle changes to bone during healing after trauma. (Seems like this is what may have happened to Andrew on his left medial patella, requiring surgery to remove)

Question 5

What is keratomalacia?

Answer 5

Can be caused by Vitamin A deficiency, causing the thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva to undergo metaplasia into stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium.

Remember, Vitamin A is necessary for differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces such as the conjunctiva of the eye.

Question 6

Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 6

Oxygen

(Therefore, decreased oxygen will impair oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased ATP production. The lack of ATP will then lead to Cellular injury.)

Question 7

Rare condition caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver? What is the classical triad?

Answer 7

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Triad: Abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement

Question 8

Hallmark of reversible cellular injury?

Answer 8

Cellular Swelling

Question 9

Hallmark of irreversible cellular injury?

Answer 9

Membrane damage

Question 10

Morphologic Hallmark of cell death?

Answer 10

Loss of the nucleus

Question 11

Loss of the nucleus in cell death occurring by nuclear condensation?

Answer 11

Pyknosis

Question 12

Loss of the nucleus in cell death occurring by fragmentation?

Answer 12

Karyorrhexis

Question 13

Loss of the nucleus in cell death occurring by dissolution?

Answer 13

Karyolysis

Question 14

Key Growth Factors that promote angiogenesis in neoplasticism and granulation tissue?

Answer 14

• VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

- FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)

Question 15

Pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 15

IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha

*Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages