Chapter 1 & 10 Flashcards
Leeuwenhoek (lived 1632-1723)
Invented the first microscope. He is now considered to be the “father of microbiology.”
Microbiology
The study of small organisms. Organisms that are usually invisible to the naked eye.
Robert Hooke
He first describes cellulae in cork in 1665. His discovery led to the formulation of the cell theory by others.
What is the cell theory?
All living things are composed of cells
Who developed the cell theory?
Matthias Scheleiden and Theordor Schwann
Spontaneous generation
The idea that organisms can arise from nonliving matter
Biogenesis
All living cells arise from other pre-existing living cells
Science
Organize body of knowledge about the natural world
Scientific method
A series of steps used to gain information about the natural world
Steps of the scientific method
- ) Make an observation/identify a problem
- ) gather info. About observation/problem
- ) formulate a hypothesis
- ) conduct a controlled experiment
- control group
- experimental group
- collect data - ) conclusion
- ) peer review
3 things Pasteur proved?
- No living things arise from S.P.G.
- Microbes are everywhere
- Growth of microbes causes dead plant and animal tissue to decompose and food to spoil
Germ theory disease
Microbes cause disease and specific microbes cause specific diseases. Late 1800’s
Joseph lister
Proposed idea of antiseptic surgery.
Robert Koch
- studied anthrax
- infected all had microbes present, so he injected microbes into healthy animals and the microbes made the healthy animals sick
What did Robert Koch experiment prove?
Particular microbes cause particular diseases
Koch’s 4 postulates
- Suspect agent prevalent in every infected person/thing with that disease
- Suspect agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- Pure culture must cause disease when injected into healthy experimental disease
- suspect agent- re-isolated from the experimental animal and re-identified in pure culture (eliminates possibility of coincidence)
Free living organisms
Not directly dependent on another organism for survival. Ex. Bacteria
Autotroph
Uses inorganic molecules or photons to create cellular energy. Ex. Phototroph
Decomposer
Organisms that use simple organic molecules from dead organisms to create ATP
Symbiotic
Living together. The smaller organism is called the symbiont and the larger is called the host.
Mutualistic
Both the symbiont and the host benefit from the relationship
Commensalistic
Symbiont receives a benefit from the relationship but the relationship does not harm nor help the host.
Parasitic pathogens
The symbiont is benefits by the relationship, but the host is harmed by the relationship
Types of parasites
Exotic, opportunistic
Exotic parasites
Pathogen is not typically found in the human body, but can invade and cause harm.
Opportunistic parasite
These pathogens are normal residents of the human body, but only inflict harm to the host when it’s immunity is weakened.
Taxonomy
The classification and identification of organisms.
Classification
Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that have similar characteristics.
Kingdom
Broadest classification of organisms. Species in this classification level can be very different. Organisms are placed in kingdom based on answering questions. Indicates a microorganism
Kingdom questions
1) how many cells does the organism have?
- unicellular
- multicellular
2) have nucleus?
- Prokaryotic- no internal membranes including a nucleus
- Eukaryotic- have internal membranes, including a nucleus
3) how does it get it’s energy and nutrients?
- autotroph
- heterotrophs
4) cell wall composition?
- cellulose
- peptidoglycan
- chitin
Monera/prokaryotes
- ) prokaryotic
- ) unicellular
- ) chemoautrophic
- ) cell wall made from peptidoglycan
Protist
- ) eukaryotic
- ) unicellular
- ) photoautrophic
- ) no cell wall
Fungi
- ) eukaryotic
- ) most are multicellular, some are unicellular
- ) heterotrophic by absorption
- ) made of chitin
Phylum
Multiple phyla within each kingdom
Class
Multiple classes in each phylum
Order
Multiple orders in each class
Family
Multiple families in each order
Genus
Multiple genera in each family, very specific criteria to fit into genus and species
Species
(Hundreds of millions of species exist) many species can make up the genus
Scientific naming organisms
Carolus Linnaeus came up with the binomial nomenclature (2 name process)
Scientific names composed of
Genus name and a species name
Genus name
Capitalized
species name
Not capitalized
Scientific names are important because?
Reduces confusion in the scientific community. Only one scientific name, could be hundreds of street names that mean the same thing. consists of two Latin words.
Virus
Infection agents, acellular, not considered to be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by protective protein layer, no nucleus or organelles or cell membrane or cytoplasm
Viroids
Small piece of RNA that is not surrounded by a protein layer.
- plant pathogens
- uncertain in animals
Prion
Small self-replicating protein, no RNA or DNA, abnormal shaped forms
Why study microbiology?
Microbes are necessary for humans life and other forms of life
2 infectious disease killers?
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Three domains
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Infectious agents
Agent capable of causing infection
Capable of self replications
Phylogenetic tree
Branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics
Differences between domain bacteria and domain Archaea
1) bacteria and archaea are as genetically different as bacteria and eukarya.
2) bacteria- cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. In archaea they have cell walls but they are not made of peptidoglycan, the cell composition of all varies greatly
3) archaea can thrive in extreme environments, high salinity, high or low temperatures
4) archaea species rarely, if ever cause disease
