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Geology > Chapter 03 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 03 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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2
Q

Atom

A

The smallest piece of an element that has the properties of the element; it consists of a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.

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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of a given element.

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4
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of a given element. (Also known as atomic mass.)

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5
Q

Carbonate

A

Rocks containing calcite and/or dolomite.

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6
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion.

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7
Q

Chemical

A

A material consisting of a distinct element or compound

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8
Q

Chemical Bond

A

The invisible link that holds together atoms in a molecule and/or in a crystal.

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9
Q

Chemical Formula

A

The ‘‘recipe’’ that specifies the elements and their proportions in a compound.

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10
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Interactions among atoms and/or molecules involving breaking or forming chemical bonds.

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

(1) The tendency of a mineral to break along preferred planes; (2) a type of foliation in low-grade metamorphic rock.

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12
Q

Color

A

The characteristic of a material due to the spectrum of light emitted or reflected by the material, as perceived by eyes or instruments.

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13
Q

Compound

A

A material composed of two or more elements that cannot be separated mechanically; the smallest piece is a molecule.

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14
Q

Conchoidal Fracture

A

Smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surfaces along which materials with no cleavage planes tend to break.

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15
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The attachment of one atom to another that develops when the atoms share electrons; one type of chemical bond.

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16
Q

Crystal

A

A single, continuous piece of a mineral bounded by flat surfaces that formed naturally as the mineral grew.

17
Q

Crystal Habit

A

The general shape of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded.

18
Q

Element

A

A material consisting entirely of one kind of atom; elements cannot be subdivided or changed by chemical reactions.

19
Q

Geode

A

A cavity in which euhedral crystals precipitate out of water solutions passing through a rock.

20
Q

Glass

A

A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern.

21
Q

Ion

A

A version of an atom that has lost or gained electrons, relative to an electrically neutral version, so that it has a net electrical charge.

22
Q

Ionic Bond

A

The attachment of one atom to another that happens when one atom transfers electrons to another; one type of chemical bond.

23
Q

Luster

A

The way a mineral surface scatters light.

24
Q

Metallic Bond

A

A chemical bond in which the outer atoms are attached to each other in such a way that electrons flow easily from atom to atom.

25
Q

Mineral

A

A homogenous, naturally occurring, solid inorganic substance with a definable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice. Most minerals are inorganic.

26
Q

Mineralogy

A

A science specializing in the study of minerals.

27
Q

Mixture

A

A material consisting of two or more substances that can be separated mechanically (i.e., without chemical reactions).

28
Q

Mohs Hardness Scale

A

A list of ten minerals in a sequence of relative hardness, with which other minerals can be compared.

29
Q

Molecule

A

The smallest piece of a compound that has the properties of the compound; it consists of two or more atoms attached by chemical bonds.

30
Q

Polymorphs

A

Two minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal lattice structure.

31
Q

Precipitate

A

(chem, n) A solid substance formed when atoms attach and settle out of a solution, or attach to the walls of the container holding the solution; (chem, v) the action of forming a solid substance from a solution; (meteorology, v) the dropping of snow or rain from the sky.

32
Q

Solution

A

A material containing dissolved ions.

33
Q

Specific Gravity

A

A number representing the density of a mineral, as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water.

34
Q

Streak

A

The color of the powder produced by pulverizing a mineral on an unglazed ceramic plate.

Geology (16 decks)

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