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Biology 65 > Chapter 02 Cytology — The Study of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 02 Cytology — The Study of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Three Main Components of a Cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
    * Cytoskeleton
    * Organelles
    * Cytosol
  3. Nucleus
    * An organelle containing nucleoplasm (chromatin/DNA)
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2
Q
  1. Plasma Membrane
A

Plasma membrane of upper cell, in between is intercellular space, then plasma membrane of lower cell below

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane Components

A
  • Boundary of cell
  • Cell membrane lipids
  • Has phospholipids
  • Has Membrane proteins
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4
Q

% of Lipid Bilayer Plasma Membrane Components

A

75%

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5
Q

% of Cholesterol Plasma Membrane Components

A

20%
Increases fluidity of the membrane

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6
Q

% of Glycolipids Plasma Membrane Components

A

5%
Glucose (sugar) + phospholipid for cell signaling and recognition

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7
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • 75% of plasma
    membrane
  • Hydrophilic heads (“Water Loving”)
  • Hydrophobic tails (“Water Hating”)
  • Arranged in what is
    called a lipid
    bilayer
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8
Q

Membrane proteins

A
  • Pass through membrane
  • Integral (transmembrane) proteins
  • Glycoproteins
  • Adhere to either face of membrane
  • Peripheral proteins
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9
Q

Extensions of the Cell Membrane

A
  • Villi & Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
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10
Q

Villi & Microvilli

A
  • Plasma membrane
    extensions.
  • Increase surface
    area.
  • Brush border
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11
Q

Cilia

A

Motile cilia; hair-like organelles that move fluids in a specific direction

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12
Q

Flagella

A

Propels sperms cells

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13
Q

Cellular Junctions (Connections between
Membranes)

A
  • Tight junction
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junction
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14
Q

Tight junction

A

Sealant

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

Resist stress

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16
Q

Gap junction

A

Communication

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17
Q

The Cytoplasm components

A
  • cytosol
  • cytoskeleton
  • organelles
  • inclusions
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18
Q

Cytosol

A

is simply the fluid of cell

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

structural component of cell

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20
Q

Organelles

A

functioning structures that
“operate” the cell

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21
Q

Inclusions of cytoplasm

A

nonessential structures

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22
Q

The Cell Cytoskeleton Components

A

Components of cytoskeleton made of various proteins
* Microfilaments and
terminal web
* Intermediate
filaments
* Microtubules

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23
Q

The Cell Cytoskeleton functions

A
  • Support cell
  • Determine shape
  • Organize contents
  • Move substances
  • Move cell
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24
Q

Microfilaments (smallest)

A
  • Mostly made of the protein actin
  • Support the plasma membrane and play a role in cell movement
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25
Intermediate filaments
Thicker and give strength to cells and tissues
26
Microtubules (Largest)
* Small strands that hold organelles in place * Guide organelles and macromolecules to destinations within the cell * Involved in cell division.
27
Cell Organelles
* “Little organs” * Metabolically active * Compartmentalize contents of cell
28
List of Organelles
* Nucleus * Endoplasmic reticulum * Ribosomes * Golgi complex * Proteasomes * Lysosomes * Mitochondria * Centrioles Note: refer to Slide 2-8 (Fig. 2.5) to identify locations within an entire cell
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Two types - Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
30
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
* Studded with ribosomes. * Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane. * Produces proteins for secretion and for lysosomes
31
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
* Detoxify. * Synthesize steroids
32
Ribosomes
* Made in the nucleolus (a portion of the nucleus in the cell) * Assemble amino acids into proteins for use within or outside the cell * Locations of Ribosomes * Cytosol * Rough endoplasmic reticulum
33
Golgi Complex/Apparatus
* Composed of cisterns. * Vesicles are transported from the RER to Golgi complex. * Golgi vesicles – packaged proteins
34
Golgi vesicles
Insertion into plasma membrane * Lysosomes * Secretory vesicles
35
Step 1: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Protein formed by ribosomes on rough ER
36
Step 2: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Protein packaged into transoprt vesicle, which bus from ER
37
Step 3: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Transport vesicles fuse into clusters that unload protein into Golgi complex
38
Step 4: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Golgi complex modifies protein structure
39
Step 5: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Golgi vesicle containing finished protein is formed
40
Enzymes
a type of protein that breaks up cell “garbage” that are contained in a membrane
40
Step 6: Organelle Collaboration in Protein Production
Secretory vesicle releases protein by exocytosis
40
Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Lysosomes
* Enzymes * Some actions that these perform: Autophagy and Apoptosis
40
Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Proteasomes
- Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins * Cell marks “old” proteins for disposal by proteasomes * These organelles degrade 80% of a cell’s proteins
40
Autophagy
breaks down organelles
40
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
41
Mitochondria
* Specialized for aerobic respiration * Make most of body’s ATP (the cells energy molecule) * Outer membrane * Inner membrane * Mitochondrial matrix * Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
42
Inner membrane of Mitochondria
Contains cristae
43
Centrioles
Made of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three
44
Centrosome
Cytoplasm that contains the perpendicular pairs
45
Centrioles/Centrosomes
Active during cellular division (mitosis)
46
Nucleus (but a subset of #2)
Largest organelle Contains chromosomes Genetic control center Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Nucleoplasm Nucleolus/Nucleoli
47
Nucleoplasm
Contains chromosomes
48
Nucleolus/Nucleoli
Produces ribosomes
49
The Cell Cycle
Almost all cells are either in the process of preparing to divide or actually dividing
50
Cell Cycle parts
1. Interphase 2. Mitotic (M) Phase NOTE: There is a phase called G0 where the cell isn’t actively dividing
51
Phases of Interphase
First gap phase (G1) Synthesis phase (S) Second gap phase (G2)
52
First gap phase (G1)
Growth and normal metabolic roles
53
Synthesis phase (S)
DNA replication
54
Second gap phase (G2)
* Growth and preparation for mitosis * DNA proofreading
55
Phases of Mitosis (M) Phase
Mitotic Phase (M) – Actual division of nuclear material - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
56
Prophase
* Chromatin condenses * Nuclear envelope breaks down. * Nucleolus disappears. * Spindle fibers form to connect to kinetochore.
57
Metaphase
* Chromosomes align at center of cell. * Aster attached to plasma membrane.
58
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
59
Telophase
* Chromatids at each pole decondense * Surrounded by new nuclear membrane * Nucleoli reformed
60
Cytokinesis
* Division of cytoplasm * Cleavage furrow develops end of anaphase/beginning of telophase * Ultimately, cell pinches into two identical daughter cells.

Biology 65 (4 decks)

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