Chapter 02 Flashcards
Identify the functions of drawing
Surface
Recognize the differences between dry media and wet media techniques and tools
Dry media:
Tools - Silverpoint, pencil, color pencil, charcoal, chalk, pastel, crayon, erasers
Wet media:
Wet medias are applied with brushes or pen.
Tools - ink, brush drawing, quill and pen.
Recognize the various types of painting and paint ingredients (pigment, binder, and vehicle).
Binders: beeswax, egg yolk, vegetable oils and gums, water, and polymers
Solvents: turpentine can be added to oil paint to make it thinner.
Define terms related to painting processes, materials, and techniques
Relate the approaches of ancient, traditional and contemporary paint applications.
Identify the four different types of printmaking: relief, intaglio, lithography, serigraphy
Define printmaking terms
Distinguish between traditional and contemporary printmaking processes
The use of non-overlapping parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness.
Hatching
The use of overlapping parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness.
Cross-hatching
How can an artist suggest texture with a pencil?
Varying pressures create light or dark lines. Pressing hard will create darker lines and overlapping straight light lines will add depth.
Color pencils are made up of?
Lead, wax, and pigment
What are the two types of charcoal?
Vine and compressed charcoal
What is the difference between vine and compressed charcoal?
Vine charcoal comes from thin vine branches making it very soft and easy to erase.
Compressed charcoal is charcoal with a binding agent such as wax to make it denser.
Historically, when artists used silverpoint for a drawing they did so on wood that was covered with a thin coating of ________.
Bone ash
Which material looks and writes like lead, was discovered in the mid-1500s, and became the medium for use in pencils?
Graphite
How did artist Martin Ramirez use color pencil to achieve rich color in his work Untitled?
he pressed the waxy shaft of the pencil into the fibers of the paper.
Ramirez pushed the waxy shaft of the colored pencil into the fibers of the paper and sometimes added watercolor.
The German artist Käthe Kollwitz used charcoal to express ________ in her self-portrait of 1933, even though she rendered her face and hand in a static, realistic way.
Kollwitz expressed a sense of energy in her 1933 self-portrait.
Chalk, pastel, and crayon are created using pigment with a binder. Which of the following is a binder?
a. ceramic
b. steel
c. oil
c. oil
Oil, for example linseed oil, is commonly used as a binder in oil pastels.
Robert Rauschenberg created a work titled Erased de Kooning Drawing by erasing a work by the Abstract Expressionist artist Willem de Kooning. How long did it take Rauschenberg to erase the whole drawing?
Nearly a month
Why is ink a favorite amongst artists?
Ink has permanence, precision, and strong dark color.
Which of these is used to make the bristles for a brush with a bamboo shaft, for example those used by Asian artists?
a. fox hair
b. wolf hair
c. tiger hair
d. panda hair
b. wolf hair
Wolf hair is used for making bamboo brushes.
Pen-and-ink drawings employ _____ and ______ to create variations in value.
hatching and cross-hatching
The outline that defines a form.
Contour
Type of drawing that aims to identify and react to the main visual and expressive characteristics of a form.
Gesture drawing
The regular or ordered repetition of elements in the work.
Rhythm
What is the main purpose of gesture drawing?
Artists use gesture drawing mainly to capture the energy and dynamics of a particular moment.
Drawing type that aims to register the essential qualities of three-dimensional form by rendering an edge of an object.
Contour drawing
Why did Egon Schiele use contour drawing in his work Mother and Child?
Schiele used contour drawing to gain an intimate and detailed understanding of the mother’s form and show the way her muscles stretch as she embraces her child.
Artists use _______drawing mainly to capture the energy and dynamics of a particular moment.
gesture
Wax binding material is called?
encaustic
Egg binding material is called?
tempera
Technique in which the artist paints onto freshly applied plaster.
Fresco
Liquid polymer, or plastic, which is used as a binder for pigment in acrylic paint.
Acrylic
Pigment names are often derived from their source. For example the pigment that we call umber is named after ________.
Umber is named for the color of the brown soil of Umbria, Italy
Pigment names are often derived from their source. For example the luxurious blue favored for the sky in Renaissance paintings is a blue stone found in Afghanistan named ________.
Lapis Lazuli
Images of a warty pig were painted using a pigment solution on cave walls on the island of Sulawesi ________ years ago.
Some of the oldest painted images were made 45,000 years ago in Indonesia.
The ancient Greeks and Romans used which binding technique?
Encaustic
A relatively semi-transparent paint medium used by the ancient Greeks and Romans?
Encaustic
What is the binding agent in encaustic binding technique?
beeswax
How is encaustic used in art?
Artists must mix pigments with hot wax and then apply the mixture quickly.
It can be used with brushes, palette knives, rags, or by pouring it.
Name these brushes
A. Round
B. Filbert
C. Flat
D. Bright
E. Fan
Explain what each brush is best used for
Round - sketching and thinned paint application, can be rolled in hand for special effects
Filbert - applying color; short bristles for more control and softened edges
Flat - long, fluid strokes and sharp edges
Bright - controlled detailing and applying areas of color
Fan - blending slow-drying paint and softening edges
Which brush is used for sketching and thinned paint application, can be rolled in hand for special effects
Round brush
Which brush is used for applying color; short bristles for more control and softened edges
Filbert
Which brush is used for long, fluid strokes and sharp edges
Flat
Which brush is used for controlled detailing and applying areas of color
Bright
Which brush is used for blending slow-drying paint and softening edges
Fan
A tool that can be used by the painter for mixing and applying paint.
Palette knife
The Roman-era encaustic portraits from Fayum are excellent examples of Roman painting in wax. What was Fayum?
Fayum was an oasis in Egypt where detailed encaustic paintings were found.
Painting technique where artist paints onto freshly applied plaster.
Fresco
Where did the Fresco painting technique come originate?
Crete in the Mediterranean around 1600 - 1500 BCE
How is Fresco technique applied?
The pigments are mixed with water then applied directly to the lime-plaster surface of the plaster. Plaster absorbs the color and the pigment binds to the lime as it sets.
What are the two fresco painting methods?
buon fresco (Italian for “good fresco”)
fresco secco (“dry fresco”)
In which of these locations or artifacts can you find fresco painting?
a. Chinese silk scrolls
b. Buckingham Palace
c. the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
c. the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Frescoes were painted by the artist Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel.
Where have the earliest use of tempera technique found?
Egyptian tombs
Tempera dries quickly and is best used with ______ and _____ strokes to create high detail.
short and thin strokes
Oil technique is a recent invention as of the Middle Ages which used oil as the binder with _____ oil, a by-product of the flax plant.
linseed
Painters like oil paint because its transparency allows the use of thin layers of color called?
glazes
Glazes can attain a rich ________, a bright glowing quality, as though lit from within.
luminosity
A preliminary layer of paint that is intended to support the final version of the work.
Underpainting
A mixture of black, white, and yellow pigments resulting in a grayish or yellowish soft greenish brown. It is used in oil painting and sometimes in frescoes as a base layer to refine the values in the work.
Verdaccio (Italian word for green)
Oil paint technique where the paint ist applied in thick layers
Impasto
Such artists as Jan van Eyck took advantage of the transparency of oil paint glazes to attain a rich ________, as though their painting was lit from within.
luminosity
The transparency of oils can be used to create a luminous effect similar to stained glass.
Rosa Bonheur lived at a time when women were not easily accepted into the art profession, but she was educated by her ________, who was also an artist.
father
Chinese scholar-painters who created expressive paintings rather than formal academic works.
Literati
A type of paint medium in which pigments are bound with gum and a white filled added (for example, clay) to produce a paint that is used for opaque watercolor.
Gouache
Watercolor is transparent but an additive such as chalk in gouache makes the paint?
opaque (non transparent)
Which painter and watercolorist was the first woman to have her work shown at the Louvre during her lifetime?
Sania Delaunay
Latex house paint is made up of ______ and can be cleaned up with ______.
acrylic polymer
water
The binder used to suspend pigment in acrylic paint is ________.
polymer resin
Robert Rauschenberg is one of the best-known artists who worked in mixed media. He called his early experiments in mixing painting and sculpture _________.
combines
Rauschenberg called his early experiments in mixed media “combines” because they combine different media.
Which painting techniques are used in this work?
“Ophelia” 1851-52
Sir John Everett Millais
The work has meticulous detail, vibrant colors, and places emphasis on nature and emotion.
Oil paint allows for rich colors and fine detail in the flora and textures.
Oil also gives the flexibility to create smooth transitions in the water and Ophelia’s skin.
Realism and naturalism to make the plants and flowers appear as natural as possible.
Layered glazing where multiple layers are built up to create depth and luminosity in the water, the reflection, and Ophelia’s skin. This technique gives a glowing delicate portrayal of her pale face.
The use of thin, precise brush strokes to convey realistic materials.
When an artist produces only one print it is called?
Monoprint
What are the four main printing processes?
Relief
Intaglio
Lithography
Serigraphy
Each printing process involves a different _______, or physical surface that holds the original image from which the print was derived.
matrix
Printing process where an artist cuts/carves into a workable surface such as wood/linoleum to create an image then the printmaker will roll ink onto the raised surface and press the raised surface onto paper, creating an impression.
Relief printing
Printing process that requires artist/printmaker to cut/scrape (in many different ways) into a metal plate. Ink is applied then wiped off and the ink left in in the cuts/scrapes of the plate.
Intaglio printing
Print process where the inked image is lower than the surface of the printing plate. Italian for “cut into”
Intaglio printing
Print process executed on a flat, unmarred surface, like a stone, in which the image is created using oil-based ink with resistance to water.
Lithography
Print process that creates a solid stencil in a porous screen and forces ink through the screen onto the printing surface.
Serigraphy
Relief printing creates images on paper or similar material known as?
Impression
Printing process where the image is drawn with an oily crayon onto a special kind of limestone; the non-image areas of the stone absorbs a little water so that when the printmaker applies oil-based ink to the whole stone, the ink will only remain on the image area.
Lithography
Printing process where non-image areas are physically blocked out so that ink passes through the screen only where required.
Serigraphy (silkscreen printing)
Printing with inks was first practiced in which country in the third century CE?
Printing with inks was first practiced in China in the 8th century CE.
Where was paper itself invented?
China in the second or first century BCE.
Printed scrolls containing Buddhist scriptures or prayers are called?
Sutras
What printmaking process is depicted?
Relief printmaking
To create a color woodblock print, and artist must?
The artist must produce a separate relief block for every color.
This artist is regarded as one of the greatest Japanese printmakers, making images of figures, theaters, and brothels in a style known as ukiyo-e printmaking.
Kitagawa Utamaro
This printmaking style translates to “pictures of the floating world”.
ukiyo-e printmaking
In this color woodblock print, how many woodblocks were needed to produce this print?
Utamaro uses at least three colors to create “Lovers in an Upstairs Room”.
Black
Green
Red ocher (shade of red-brown)
Printmaking similar to woodblock method but is done by carving into the surface of a material the printing the raised surface left behind known as linocuts.
Linoleum printmaking
The German artist Albrecht Dürer created “The Four Horsemen” using which relief printmaking method?
a. woodcut
b. linocut
c. etching
d. engraving
a. woodcut
Dürer used woodcut to create “The Four Horsemen.”
When creating a multi-color print, aligning the blocks or plates to ensure that the colors will appear in the correct location is called ________.
Registration is the process of aligning each color printing on the next.
Why do many contemporary printmakers prefer linocut to woodblock printing?
because it is softer than wood and does not show the grain.
What type of printmaking is depicted?
Intaglio printmaking
