Chapter 01 - General Pharmacology

Question 1

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as:

Answer 1

Passive diffusion

Question 2

The primary site for biotransformation is the:

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Based on blood perfusion, which body ‘compartment’ will attain adequate drug
levels first based on an injection into that ‘compartment’?

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle

Question 4

Parenteral drugs are administered:

Answer 4

By injection

Question 5

What is dosage?

Answer 5

Mass of drug per unit of weight

25 mg/kg

Question 6

What is Dose?

Answer 6

Amount to be given each time

Question 7

Are Pharmaceutical drugs derived from a natural source harmful to the
patient?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What is bioavailability?

Answer 8

The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches general circulation.

Question 9

Perfusion of tissues:

Answer 9

The greater the blood supply the faster it will absorb

Question 10

Natural drug barriers:

Answer 10

1. Placenta
2. Blood Brain Barrier
3. Eye

Question 11

Half Life:

Answer 11

The rate at which a drug is lost from the body

Question 12

Therapeutic index:

Answer 12

The therapeutic index expresses the relationship between a drug’s therapeutic and harmful effects.

The therapeutic index (TI) is the range of doses at which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events.

Drugs with a narrow TI (NTIDs) have a narrow window between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects.

Question 13

Receptor-mediated Drugs:

Answer 13

bind to receptor sites and cause the cell to react (agonist) or prevent reaction (antagonist)

Question 14

Non-receptor-mediated drugs:

Answer 14

Chemical, physical, physiochemical modification of body fluid

Question 15

Agonist:

Answer 15

A drug that has affinity for a receptor and stimulates the receptor to action.

Question 16

Contraindication:

Answer 16

A contraindication is a reason not to use a drug in a particular situation.

Question 17

Efficacy:

Answer 17

Efficacy is the degree to which a drug produces its desired effects in a patient.

Question 18

An over-the-counter drug:

Answer 18

An over-the-counter drug is one that may be purchased and used without a prescription from a veterinarian.

Question 19

A receptor:

Answer 19

A receptor is a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that binds with a drug to produce an effect.

Question 20

Withdrawal time:

Answer 20

The withdrawal time is the amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and the elimination of that drug from the patient’s tissues or products.

Question 21

Four sources for veterinary drugs are:

Answer 21

Animal products, plant materials, minerals, and synthetic products.

Question 22

Four components of a drug regiment ?

Answer 22

A drug regimen includes the dose, the route of administration, the frequency of administration, and the duration of administration.

Question 23

Sequence of events that a drug under goes from administration to excretion:

Answer 23

A drug is first absorbed (or directly placed) into the bloodstream. In the blood, the drug may bind with a plasma protein or may exist in the free state. The circulating blood distributes the drug to the capillary level, where the drug leaves the circulation and enters the interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid bathes the cell and allows the drug to enter the cell or bind with surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell (or its surface), moves back into the interstitial fluid, reenters the circulation, and is transported to the liver for metabolism. After it is metabolized, the metabolite is transported to the kidneys for excretion.

Question 24

Factors that influence drug absorption:

Answer 24

The absorption of a drug may be influenced by (1) the
method of absorption, (2) the pH of the drug and its ionization status, (3) the absorptive surface area, (4) the blood supply to the area, (5) the solubility of the drug, (6) the dosage form, (7) the status of the gastro- intestinal tract, and (8) interactions with other drugs

Question 25

Possible routes of administration:

Answer 25

1. Oral
2. Subcutaneous administration
3. The intraperitoneal route may be used to administer fluids and some other solutions when other routes are not available. Absorption from the peritoneal cavity, however, is slow.
4. Intramuscular route
5. Intravenous
6. The intraarterial route is a seldom-used route that may produce seizures or death.
7. The intracardiac route is used primarily for ad- ministering emergency drugs or for euthanasia.
8. The intramedullary route may be used to ad-
   minister fluids or blood to small animals or
   those with damaged veins.
9. The inhalational route is used to administer
   drugs to the respiratory system.
10. The topical route may be used to place drugs on
    skin or mucous membranes and may be facilitated
    by the use of carrier substances in some instances.
11. The intradermal route is used primarily for allergy testing and for diagnosing tuberculo- sis. Other answers can include: intraarticular,
    epidural, transdermal.

Question 26

The six items that must be on a drug label are:

Answer 26

The six items that must be on a drug label are the drug
names (generic and trade), the drug concentration and quantity, the name and address of the manufacturer, the controlled substance status, the manufacturer’s control or lot number, and the drug’s expiration date.

Question 27

Drug compounding is ?

Answer 27

A process of combining, mixing, or altering two or more drug ingredients to create a medication in a different dosage form to accommodate a patient’s needs.

Question 28

What are the Dangers of residues in animal products ?

Answer 28

Drug residues in animal products may cause aller- gic reactions or neoplasia in people, and they may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Question 29

Three classes of drug interactions:

Answer 29

a. Pharmacodynamic
b. pharmacokinetic
c. pharmaceutic

Question 30

Once a drug has been biotransformed it is called ?

Answer 30

Metabolite

Question 31

Indication is?

Answer 31

A reason to use the drug