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Pure Biology (Sec 3) > Chapter 01 - Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 01 - Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A basic unit of life

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2
Q

Cells consists of a living material called ____

A

protoplasm

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3
Q

What are the 3 things that make up protoplasm?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a cell membrane

A

A thin, delicate structure made up of lipids and proteins

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5
Q

Describe the function of a cell membrane

A

Cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell depending on size

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a cell wall

A

Cell wall surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells and is made up of cellulose

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7
Q

Describe the function of a cell wall

A

Cell wall protects the plant cell from injury and gives it a fixed shape

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8
Q

What is the difference in permeability between the cell membrane and cell wall

A

The cell membrane is partially permeable while the cell wall is fully permeable

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9
Q

Describe the structure of cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like structure enclosed by a cell membrane containing organelles

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10
Q

Describe the function of cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is where chemical reactions and cellular activities occur

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are cellular structures that performs specific functions within the cell

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12
Q

Name 2 organelles

A

Golgi body, vesicle, nucleus, SER, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, RER

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

An oval structure surrounded by the nuclear membrane containing genetic info in the form of chromosomes

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14
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

The nucleus controls cell activities (such as cell growth and repair of worn-out parts), and is responsible for cell division

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15
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes before cell division

A

Chromosomes are long-thread like structures which are made up of proteins and DNA

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16
Q

What does DNA store?

A

DNA stores hereditary info that provides instructions to the cell to carry out its activities (e.g. growth, reproduction)

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17
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes during cell division

A

Chromosomes condense and shorten to form thick, rod shaped structures

18
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole

A

Fluid filled cavity enclosed by a vacuolar membrane (PPM)

19
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole

A

Store substances within the cell

20
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole(s) in plant cells vs animal cells

A

Plant cell: One, permanent, large, central vacuole containing cell sap (dissolved substances)

Animal cell: Numerous, temporary, small vacuoles containing food substances and water

21
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A

Sausage shaped

22
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

Carry out aerobic respiration to release energy from food

23
Q

What is released energy used from food for?

A

Cell activities such as growth and reproduction

24
Q

What is the singular of mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion

25
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplast

A

Oval shaped containing chlorophyll

26
Q

Describe the function of chloroplast

A

The chlorophyll in chloroplasts is used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis

27
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A

Small round structures that are attached to the RER or lying freely in cytoplasm

28
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins to be transported out of the cell/other organelles or synthesise proteins that are used within the cytoplasm of the cell

29
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

The membrane of the RER is continuous with the nuclear membrane, appears rough due to the ribosomes

30
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transports proteins made by ribosomes to the Golgi body for secretion out the cell

31
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth and tubular compared to RER, no ribosomes attached

32
Q

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise fats and steroids, detoxifies substances (e.g. drugs, toxins)

33
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi body

A

A series of flattened, membrane bound sacs that look like a disc

34
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi body

A

The Golgi body chemically modifies substances made by ER and stores and packages the modified substances into vesicles for secretion out of the cell

35
Q

Describe the process of the vesicles being transported from the RER to the Golgi body (4 steps)

A

1) Vesicles pinch off from the RER
2) Vesicles transport substances made by the ER to the Golgi body
3) Vesicles fuses with the Golgi body and release its contents into the Golgi body
4) Substances made by the ER are chemically modified in the Golgi body

36
Q

Describe the process of the vesicles being transported from the Golgi body to the cell (3 steps)

A

1) The secretory vesicles containing the modified substances pinches off from the Golgi body and are transported to the cell membrane
2) The secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane
3) Contents are released out of the cell

37
Q

What is the difference between electron microscopes and light microscopes

A

Light microscopes show coloured images while light microscopes show black and white images

38
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

39
Q

State and explain the 4 adaptations of red blood cell

A

1) Contains haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules readily and reversibly
2) No nucleus for more space to contain more haemoglobin
3) Biconcave shape to increase the surface of area to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse faster
4) Flexible and can squeeze through narrow capillaries

40
Q

State and explain the adaptation of muscle cells

A

Many nuclei and mitochondria to release a large amount of energy during aerobic respiration for contraction and relaxation of the cell

41
Q

State and explain the first adaptation of root hair cells

A

Long and narrow protrusion to increase surface area to volume ratio for faster absorption of water and mineral salts

42
Q

State and explain the second adaptation of root hair cells

A

A large and central vacuole with a high concentration of cell sap to ensure lower water potential inside the cell compared to the soil solution, so that water molecules will enter the cell by osmosis readily

Pure Biology (Sec 3) (8 decks)

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