Chapter 01 - Cell Structure and Organisation

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

A basic unit of life

Question 2

Cells consists of a living material called ____

Answer 2

protoplasm

Question 3

What are the 3 things that make up protoplasm?

Answer 3

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 4

Describe the structure of a cell membrane

Answer 4

A thin, delicate structure made up of lipids and proteins

Question 5

Describe the function of a cell membrane

Answer 5

Cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell depending on size

Question 6

Describe the structure of a cell wall

Answer 6

Cell wall surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells and is made up of cellulose

Question 7

Describe the function of a cell wall

Answer 7

Cell wall protects the plant cell from injury and gives it a fixed shape

Question 8

What is the difference in permeability between the cell membrane and cell wall

Answer 8

The cell membrane is partially permeable while the cell wall is fully permeable

Question 9

Describe the structure of cytoplasm

Answer 9

A jelly-like structure enclosed by a cell membrane containing organelles

Question 10

Describe the function of cytoplasm

Answer 10

Cytoplasm is where chemical reactions and cellular activities occur

Question 11

What are organelles?

Answer 11

Organelles are cellular structures that performs specific functions within the cell

Question 12

Name 2 organelles

Answer 12

Golgi body, vesicle, nucleus, SER, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, RER

Question 13

Describe the structure of the nucleus

Answer 13

An oval structure surrounded by the nuclear membrane containing genetic info in the form of chromosomes

Question 14

Describe the function of the nucleus

Answer 14

The nucleus controls cell activities (such as cell growth and repair of worn-out parts), and is responsible for cell division

Question 15

Describe the structure of chromosomes before cell division

Answer 15

Chromosomes are long-thread like structures which are made up of proteins and DNA

Question 16

What does DNA store?

Answer 16

DNA stores hereditary info that provides instructions to the cell to carry out its activities (e.g. growth, reproduction)

Question 17

Describe the structure of chromosomes during cell division

Answer 17

Chromosomes condense and shorten to form thick, rod shaped structures

Question 18

Describe the structure of the vacuole

Answer 18

Fluid filled cavity enclosed by a vacuolar membrane (PPM)

Question 19

Describe the function of the vacuole

Answer 19

Store substances within the cell

Question 20

Describe the structure of the vacuole(s) in plant cells vs animal cells

Answer 20

Plant cell: One, permanent, large, central vacuole containing cell sap (dissolved substances)

Animal cell: Numerous, temporary, small vacuoles containing food substances and water

Question 21

Describe the structure of mitochondria

Answer 21

Sausage shaped

Question 22

Describe the function of mitochondria

Answer 22

Carry out aerobic respiration to release energy from food

Question 23

What is released energy used from food for?

Answer 23

Cell activities such as growth and reproduction

Question 24

What is the singular of mitochondria

Answer 24

Mitochondrion

Question 25

Describe the structure of chloroplast

Answer 25

Oval shaped containing chlorophyll

Question 26

Describe the function of chloroplast

Answer 26

The chlorophyll in chloroplasts is used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis

Question 27

Describe the structure of ribosomes

Answer 27

Small round structures that are attached to the RER or lying freely in cytoplasm

Question 28

Describe the function of ribosomes

Answer 28

Synthesise proteins to be transported out of the cell/other organelles or synthesise proteins that are used within the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 29

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

The membrane of the RER is continuous with the nuclear membrane, appears rough due to the ribosomes

Question 30

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

Transports proteins made by ribosomes to the Golgi body for secretion out the cell

Question 31

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 31

Smooth and tubular compared to RER, no ribosomes attached

Question 32

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 32

Synthesise fats and steroids, detoxifies substances (e.g. drugs, toxins)

Question 33

Describe the structure of the Golgi body

Answer 33

A series of flattened, membrane bound sacs that look like a disc

Question 34

Describe the function of the Golgi body

Answer 34

The Golgi body chemically modifies substances made by ER and stores and packages the modified substances into vesicles for secretion out of the cell

Question 35

Describe the process of the vesicles being transported from the RER to the Golgi body (4 steps)

Answer 35

1) Vesicles pinch off from the RER 2) Vesicles transport substances made by the ER to the Golgi body 3) Vesicles fuses with the Golgi body and release its contents into the Golgi body 4) Substances made by the ER are chemically modified in the Golgi body

Question 36

Describe the process of the vesicles being transported from the Golgi body to the cell (3 steps)

Answer 36

1) The secretory vesicles containing the modified substances pinches off from the Golgi body and are transported to the cell membrane 2) The secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane 3) Contents are released out of the cell

Question 37

What is the difference between electron microscopes and light microscopes

Answer 37

Light microscopes show coloured images while light microscopes show black and white images

Question 38

What is differentiation?

Answer 38

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

Question 39

State and explain the 4 adaptations of red blood cell

Answer 39

1) Contains haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules readily and reversibly 2) No nucleus for more space to contain more haemoglobin 3) Biconcave shape to increase the surface of area to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse faster 4) Flexible and can squeeze through narrow capillaries

Question 40

State and explain the adaptation of muscle cells

Answer 40

Many nuclei and mitochondria to release a large amount of energy during aerobic respiration for contraction and relaxation of the cell

Question 41

State and explain the first adaptation of root hair cells

Answer 41

Long and narrow protrusion to increase surface area to volume ratio for faster absorption of water and mineral salts

Question 42

State and explain the second adaptation of root hair cells

Answer 42

A large and central vacuole with a high concentration of cell sap to ensure lower water potential inside the cell compared to the soil solution, so that water molecules will enter the cell by osmosis readily