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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapte 18 Cardiovascular--Heart > Flashcards

Chapte 18 Cardiovascular--Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the heart considered a transport system pump?

A 
Uses blood as the transport medium
Pumps oxygen
Nutrients
Wastes
Into blood vessels that service cells
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2
Q

Mediastinum

A

Medial cavity of the thorax

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

Double walled sac around heart

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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Superficial part of the pericardium

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5
Q

Serious pericardium

A

Serous membrane

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6
Q

Parietal layer

A

Lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

Visceral layer

A

Also called epicardium

Heart surface

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8
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains the serous fluid

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9
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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10
Q

What is the epicardium

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What function does the myocardium have?

A

Contracts

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13
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A

Reinforces the myocardium

Anchors the cardiac muscle fibers

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14
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Sheet of endothelium that rests on a connective tissue layer
Lines the heart chambers
Covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves

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15
Q

What is the structure of the heart chambers?

A

2 superior atria
2 inferior ventricles
Interatrial septum
Inter ventricular septum

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16
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles

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17
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Cradles the anterior interventricular artery

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18
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Landmark of of the postinferior surface

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19
Q

Auricles

A

Increase the atrial volume

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20
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Bundles of muscle tissue

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21
Q

Crista terminalis

A

C-shaped ridge

Separates the anterior/posterior regions of the right atrium

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22
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Foremen ovale existed in the fetal heart

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23
Q

Blood pathway

A

Right atrium via 3 veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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24
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Returns blood from the body regions superior to the diaphragm

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25
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm

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26
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Collects blood draining from the myocardium

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27
Q

Four pulmonary veinstransport blood from the lungs back to the heart

A

Enter the left atrium

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28
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Irregular ridges along the internal walls of the ventricular chambers

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29
Q

What is the role of the ventricles?

A

Pumps out blood

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30
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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31
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Routes blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs

32
Q

What function does the left ventricle have?

A

Ejects blood into the aorta

33
Q

What is the aorta

A

Largest artery in the body!

34
Q

What is a pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the the lungs

35
Q

What is systemic circuit

A

Blood vessels that carry the blood supply to and for all body tissues

36
Q

Pathway of pulmonary circulation

A

Blood returns from the body poorly oxygenated
Enters the right atrium
Right ventricle
Pumps to the lungs via pulmonary trunk
Unloads Carbon Dioxide and picks up Oxygen
Oxygenated blood ferried by the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart.

37
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs
Returns to the left atrium
Passes to the left ventricle
Pumps into the aorta
Transports by smaller systemic arteries to the blood tissues where gasses and nutrients are exchanged across capillary walls
Deoxygenated blood returns through the systemic veins to right side of the heart
Enters through the superior and inferior Venae Cava

38
Q

Ventricles have 2 unequal loads

A

Pulmonary circuit served by the right ventricle, is a short, low pressure circulation

Systemic circuit–left ventricle–takes a long pathway through the body

39
Q

Coronary circulation

A 
Functional blood supply of the heart
Shortest circulation
Right and left coronary arteries
  Comes from the base of the aorta
  Circles the heart in the coronary sulcus
40
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Left side of the heart then divides into branches
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery

41
Q

Anterior interventricular artery does what function?

A

Supplies blood interventricular septum and anterior walls of BOTH ventricles

42
Q

Circumflex artery does what function?

A

Supplies the blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

43
Q

Right coronary artery has 2 branches

A

Right marginal artery

Posterior interventricular artery

44
Q

Posterior interventricular artery runs to the heart apex
Supplies the posterior ventricular walls
Near the apex, artery merges with the interventricular artery

A

runs to the heart apex
Supplies the posterior ventricular walls
Near the apex, artery merges with the interventricular artery

45
Q

Additional routes for blood delivery

A

Many anastomoses (junction) among the coronary arterial branches

46
Q

Cardiac veins

A

Venous blood collected after it passes through the capillary beds of the myocardium.

47
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Empties blood into the right atrium

48
Q

Coronary sinus has 3 parts

A

Great cardiac vein

Middle and small cardiac vein

49
Q

Anterior cardiac veins empty where?

A

Right atrium anteriorly

50
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Thoracic pain caused by a defiency in blood delivery to the myocardium.

Can be caused from stress-induced spasms of the coronary arteries or increased physical demands from the heart

51
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart attack

52
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

Prevent back flow into the atria

53
Q

3 flexible cusps

A

Right AV valve (tricuspid)

54
Q

Left AV valve (bicuspid)

A

2 flaps

Mitral valve

55
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Heart strings that anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding to the ventricular walls

56
Q

Function of the chordeae tendineae and papillary muscles

A

When the ventricles contract, the force of blood against the valves causing the valves to close.

57
Q

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles…

A

Anchor the valve flaps in closed position

58
Q

When the heart is relaxed, the AV valve will…

A

Blood flows into atria then through the open AV valves into ventricles

59
Q

Wen ventricles contract…

A

Blood compresses
Intraventricular pressure increases
Forces blood against the valve flap
Flaps close valve

60
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves

A

Guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles
Prevent back flow

61
Q

Pulmonary valve is also known as what?

A

Semilunar valve

SL

62
Q

What function does the SL valve perform?

A

Fills the cusps

Closes the valves

63
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Stiffening of the valve flaps and constriction of opening

Results in the heart working harder

64
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Skeletal muscle
Striated
Contracts by sliding filament
Short
Fat 
Branched
Interconnected
65
Q

Intercellular spaces are filled with…

A

Endomysium

Capillaries

66
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Contain desmosomes and gap junctions

67
Q

Function of the desmosomes

A

Prevent adjacent cells from separating during contraction

68
Q

Gap junction will…

A

Allow ions to pass from cell to cell

Transmit current across the heart

69
Q

Functional syncytium

A

When the myocardium behaves as single coordinated units

70
Q

Lg michrochondria acct for 25-35%of what

A

Cardiac cells

71
Q

Automaticicity

A

Cells that initiate their own depolarization for the heart

72
Q

Organ vs motor unit contraction

A

Skeletal muscle stimulate and contract at the same time
Impulses don’t spread from cell to cell

Cardiac muscles work as a unit or not at all

73
Q

Cardiac refractory period lasts how long?

A

250 ms

74
Q

Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

A

No contractile cardiac cells initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart
Depolorizes

75
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

Pacemaker of the heart

Anatomy and Physiology II (2 decks)

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