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Biology > Chapt. 14: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapt. 14: Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

totality of methods by which an organism satisfies the energy, fuel, and regulatory needs of its body cells

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2
Q

Organism

A

an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form

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3
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances that contribute to nutritional needs of cells

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

How animals take nutrients of food in body

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5
Q

Food

A

edible materials that supply needed nutrients

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6
Q

Macronutrients

A

nutrients need in large amounts

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7
Q

Macronutrients are

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats)

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8
Q

Micronutrients

A

nutrients needed in small amounts

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9
Q

Micronutrients are

A

vitamins and minerals

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10
Q

Difference between vitamins and minerals

A

vitamins = organic compounds; minerals = inorganic compounds

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11
Q

organic

A

derived from or relating to living matter

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12
Q

malnutrition

A

result of improper intake of nutrients

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13
Q

Cause of malnutrition

A

person eating too little food or intake of too much of one nutrient and not enough of others

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14
Q

nutritionist

A

a person who studies or is an expert in nutrition

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15
Q

balanced diet

A

mixed diet that includes choices form 4 major food groups

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16
Q

4 major food groups

A

milk, meat, vegetable and fruit, and bread

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17
Q

How many servings of each group will ensure a balanced diet

A

3-4

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugar and starches

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19
Q

Basic unit of carbohydrates

A

glucose

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20
Q

glucose chemical make up

A

C6H12O6

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21
Q

what is glucose

A

monosaccharide

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22
Q

sucrose

A

table sugar

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23
Q

What is a saccharide

A

sugar

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24
Q

Sugar in fruit name

A

fructose

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25
Q

sugar in milk name

A

lactose

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26
Q

What is sucrose

A

disaccharide

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27
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

double sugar

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28
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

single sugar

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29
Q

Starches are formed from

A

long chains of glucose molecules

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30
Q

Starches are classified as

A

polysaccharides

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31
Q

What must carbohydrates be broken down into before they can be used by cells

A

glucose or fructose

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32
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down

A

through digestion

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33
Q

Where is excess sugar stored?

A

liver and muscles

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34
Q

How is excess sugar stored?

A

As glycogen

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35
Q

Common name for glycogen

A

Animal starch

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36
Q

too much fat is stored…

A

under skin and around body organs

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37
Q

Other things carbohydrates do

A
  • fuel

- help form structures of biological compounds (f.e. parts of cell membrane) and assist the body make B vitamins

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38
Q

All proteins contain the elements..

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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39
Q

Some proteins contain the element…

A

sulfur

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40
Q

Protein is the only nutrient that supplies _ to the body

A

nitrogen

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41
Q

What is nitrogen necessary for

A

growth and repair of body cells and tissues

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42
Q

What happens without protien

A

slowly starves to death

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43
Q

What is a protein molecule constructed of

A

amino acids

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44
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

20

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45
Q

What are special about essential amino acids

A

found in living cells

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46
Q

True or false:

Proteins = basic 20 amino acids + maybe special amino acids formed by a change in a common amino acid

A

true

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47
Q

What are the most abundant of organic coumpounds in body cells

A

protein

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48
Q

Proteins are important for

A
  • all fibrous structures in the body
  • Part of hemoglobin
  • Certain hormones
  • Thousands of enzymes that control biochemical processes in cells
  • Protoplasm
  • DNA molecules
  • Antibodies
  • Regulate water balance
  • Regulate acid-base balance
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49
Q

What happens to proteins in digestive system

A

broken down into amino acid

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50
Q

What happens after proteins are broke down in body

A

Bloodstream carries amino acid to body cells

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51
Q

What happens if body’s store of carbs are too low

A
  • amino acids can be changed to glucose

- fatty acids an glycerol can be used for energy

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52
Q

What happens if proteins are used for energy

A

not available to cells for building tissue

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53
Q

How many essential amino acids can be made by the body

A

12

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54
Q

What are protein that contain all essential amino acids

A

complete protein

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55
Q

Is animal protein a complete protein

A

yes

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56
Q

Is vegetable a complete protein

A

no

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57
Q

Protein deficiency disease

A

kwashiorkor

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58
Q

Elements lipids contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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59
Q

Hydrogen to oxygen ratio in lipids

A

> 2:1 (varies)

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60
Q

What do fats do

A

prevent heat loss through body surface, fuel energy, and aid transportation of fat soluble vitamins

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61
Q

What do certain fats do

A

essential to the structure and function of body cells, to the building of cell membranes, and to the synthesis of certain hormones

62
Q

How is potential energy of food measured in

A

calories

63
Q

1 Calorie =

A

quantity of heat necessary to raise temp. of 1 kilogram water by 1 degree Celsius

64
Q

What are fats

A

concentrated sources of energy

65
Q

1g fat = _ calories

A

9 calories

66
Q

1 g of protein or carb = _ calories

A

4

67
Q

Fiber in diet comes from

A

only plant sources

68
Q

Is fiber a nutrient

A

no

69
Q

why is fiber important

A

in diet to simulate normal action of intestines in the elimination of wastes

70
Q

What does fiber do

A

absorbs many times its weight in water and aids in formation of softer stools because it adds bulk

71
Q

fiber may contribute to protection against

A

many noninfectious diseases of the large intestine

Reduces blood cholesterol levels and helps prevent the formation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the arteries

72
Q

Vitamins are either

A

water soluble or fat soluble

73
Q

What is a water soluble vitamin

A

coenzymes necessary to the proper sequence of biochemical events that occur during cellular repsiration

74
Q

What are the only vertebrates that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C from carbohydrates

A

primates and guinea pigs

75
Q

Vitamin A is _ soluable

A

fat

76
Q

What does vitamin A do

A

healthy visual pigments in eye and skin membranes

77
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A

dryness of membranes, poor growth, night blindness, inflamed eyelids

78
Q

Food sources of vitamin A

A

fish liver oil, butter, cream, milk, margarine, brightly colored fruits and vegetables, leafy vegetables

79
Q

Vitamin A name

A

retinol

80
Q

Vitamin C name

A

Ascorbic acid

81
Q

Vitamin D name

A

Calciferol

82
Q

Vitamin E name

A

Tocopherol

83
Q

Vitamin K name

A

Menadoine

84
Q

Vitamin C is _ soluable

A

water

85
Q

Vitamin D is _ soluable

A

fat

86
Q

What is special about vitamin C

A

it is not stored by the body, oxidizes rapidly, and is readily destroyed by exposure to air

87
Q

Humans make their own vitamin _ when _

A

D; exposed to sunlight

88
Q

Why do we need vitamin C

A

Intercellular cement for teeth and bones; healthy capillary walls; resistance to infection

89
Q

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

A

sore gums, tendency to bruise easily, painful joins, loss of weight (associated with scurvy)

90
Q

Why do we need vitamin D

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism and growth, building strong bones and teeth

91
Q

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms

A

Soft bones, poor tooth development and dental decay (rickets)

92
Q

Food sources for vitamin C

A

citrus, tomatoes, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, green peppers

93
Q

Food sources for vitamin D

A

fish liver oil, irradiated feed, leafy vegetables, green peppers

94
Q

Why we need vitamin E

A

Prevention of oxidation by red blood cells, muscle tone

95
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A

Hemolysis of blood cells

96
Q

Hemolysis

A

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

97
Q

capillary

A

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules

98
Q

venules

A

a very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries

99
Q

Food sources for vitamin E

A

wheat germ, green leafy vegetables

100
Q

Why do we need Vitamin K

A

Synthesis of prothrombin (a compound that aids clotting of blood)

101
Q

Vitamin K deficiency symptoms

A

Blood doesn’t clot fast

102
Q

Vitamin K food sources

A

Green vegetables, tomatoes

103
Q

Vitamin B complex vitamins

A

thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin

104
Q

Riboflavin is _ soluble

A

water

105
Q

thiamin and niacin is necessary for

A

growth, healthy digestion, normal nerve function, good appetite, carbohydrate metabolism

106
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

107
Q

niacin and thiamin deficiency symptoms

A

poor digestion, depression, nerve disorders, and loss of appetite

108
Q

thiamin and niacin food sources

A

yeast, wheat germ, liver, enriched foods, bread, green vegetables

109
Q

Riboflavin is necessary for

A

growth, health of skin and mouth, function of eyes, carbohydrate metabolism

110
Q

Riboflavin food sources

A

(same as thiamin and niacin), meat

111
Q

What happens after prolonged deficiency of thiamin

A

beri-beri, a nerve disease that may result in paralysis

112
Q

prolonged deficiency of niacin results in

A

pellagra, a disease characterized by a rash, graying and falling out of hair, depression, loss of weight, and digestive disturbances

113
Q

minerals needed in large amounts

A

calcium and sodium

114
Q

Calcium with _ used in building bones and teeth

A

phosphorus

115
Q

_ is a regulator of muscle activity

A

calcium

116
Q

nerve cells could not carry impulses nor could muscles contract without the assistance of _

A

sodium and potassium

117
Q

_ functions in the regulation of body temperature since large amounts of its salts are excreted by the sweat glands

A

sodium

118
Q

trace minerals

A

minerals needed in small amounts

119
Q

functions of trace minerals

A

regulatory to enable enzymes of metabolism to work

120
Q

_ is necessary for healthy bones and teeth and is involved in protein metabolism

A

magnesium

121
Q

Weakening of bones and teeth and faulty metabolism are _ deficiency symptoms

A

magnesium

122
Q

Magnesium food sources

A

green leafy vegetables

123
Q

Sodium food sources

A

salt

124
Q

iron food sources

A

liver, red meats, egg yolk, whole grain cereals

125
Q

iodine food sources

A

marine fish, iodized salts

126
Q

fluorine food sources

A

water treatments

127
Q

_ is necessary for function of sodium-potassium pump, regulation of water balance in cells, regulation of nerve impulses, and acid-base balance of tissue fluids and blood

A

sodium

128
Q

_ deficiency symptoms are cardiovascular diseases and disorders of the nervous symptoms

A

sodium

129
Q

_ is necessary for synthesis of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes

A

iorn

130
Q

hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group

131
Q

myoglobin

A

a red protein containing heme, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin

132
Q

cytochromes

A

any of a number of compounds consisting of heme bonded to a protein. Cytochromes function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways, especially cellular respiration

133
Q

_ deficiency leads to anemia (difficulties in cellular respiration)

A

iron

134
Q

_ is necessary for synthesis of thyroxin

A

iodine

135
Q

_ deficiency symptoms are goiter (sluggish metabolism)

A

iodine

136
Q

_ is necessary for resistance to tooth decary

A

fluorine

137
Q

_ deficiency symptom is breakdown of tooth enamel

A

flourine

138
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

obsessive dieting eating disorder

139
Q

bulimia

A

binge eating eating disorder (then vomits or take laxative)

140
Q

Roughage

A

fibrous indigestible material in vegetable foodstuffs which aids the passage of food and waste products through the gut

141
Q

Calcium food sources

A

milk and dairy products, eggs, whole grain cereals, green leafy vegetables

142
Q

potassium food sources

A

beans and peas, fruits, and vegetables

143
Q

phosphorus food sources

A

milk and dairy products

144
Q

_ necessary for building of bones and teeth, muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmissions, permeability of cell membrane, and activation of ATP enzymes

A

calcium

145
Q

_ deficiency symptoms are loss of minerals from bone, anemia, nerve and muscle disorders

A

calcium

146
Q

_ necessary for function of sodium-potassium pump, regulation of nerve impulse, muscle function, glycogen formation, and protein synthesis

A

potassium

147
Q

_ deficiency symptoms are nerve and muscle disorders and irregular heartbeat

A

potassium

148
Q

_ is necessary for building of bones and teeth, phosphorylation of glucose, building of ATP molecules, functions in cellular respiration, present in nucleic acids

A

phosphorus

149
Q

_ deficiency symptoms are malfunctions of basic cell processes

A

phosphorus

150
Q

phosphorylation

A

when molecule attaches to phosphoryl group

151
Q

carboxyl or acid group present in amino acids is correctly represented as

A

COOH

152
Q

During dehydration synthesis one ore more molecules of _ form

A

water

Biology (6 decks)

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