chappy cips Flashcards
What is crude oil primarily composed of?
Crude oil is primarily composed of:
* Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
* Cycloalkanes (saturated ring hydrocarbons)
* Aromatic hydrocarbons
* Sulfur compounds
* Nitrogen compounds
* Oxygen compounds
* Trace metals such as vanadium and nickel
Crude oil is a complex mixture that varies in composition depending on its source.
How is crude oil obtained?
Crude oil is obtained through drilling into underground reservoirs and pumped to the surface using specialized equipment
This process involves extracting oil from rock formations where it has accumulated over millions of years.
What is industrial fractional distillation?
Industrial fractional distillation is done on a large scale in a distillation column, separating crude oil into various fractions based on their boiling points at high temperatures
The fractions are collected at different heights in the column.
What is lab-based fractional distillation?
Lab-based fractional distillation is done on a smaller scale in a distillation apparatus, used for purifying liquids or separating mixtures of liquids with different boiling points
It is more controlled and precise, suitable for small amounts of substances.
Why is fractional distillation of crude oil important?
Fractional distillation is important because it allows the separation of crude oil into valuable products like:
* Gasoline
* Diesel
* Kerosene
* Heavier oils
This process enables the use of various components of crude oil for different purposes.
What are the major fractions obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil?
The major fractions include:
* Gaseous fraction (Butane, propane)
* Petrol (gasoline)
* Kerosene
* Diesel oil
* Lubricating oils
* Fuel oils
* Bitumen (asphalt)
These fractions serve various applications in fuel production and industrial processes.
What trends are observed in the fractions of crude oil during distillation?
Trends include:
* Lighter fractions (e.g., LPG, gasoline) have lower boiling points and are collected at the top
* Heavier fractions (e.g., diesel, lubricating oils, bitumen) have higher boiling points and are collected at the bottom
Lighter fractions are more volatile and in greater demand for transportation and energy.
What is the composition of dry, clean air?
Dry, clean air is composed of:
* Nitrogen (N₂): 78.08%
* Oxygen (O₂): 20.95%
* Argon (Ar): 0.93%
* Carbon dioxide (CO₂): 0.04%
* Other gases: Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton, and hydrogen
The composition of air can vary slightly with location and time.
What are some pollutants found in air and their effects?
Pollutants include:
* Carbon monoxide (CO): Interferes with blood’s oxygen transport
* Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ): Contribute to acid rain and respiratory problems
* Sulfur dioxide (SO₂): Causes acid rain and respiratory issues
* Particulate matter (PM): Causes respiratory and cardiovascular problems
* Ozone (O₃) at ground level: Harmful to respiratory health
These pollutants can significantly impact air quality and human health.
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is a chemical reaction where an element loses electrons, often combining with oxygen
It is part of redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions.
How do elements react with air compared to pure oxygen?
With air: Elements combine with oxygen in air, forming oxides
With pure oxygen: Reactions are often more vigorous
Example: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO occurs with both air and pure oxygen but is more rapid in pure oxygen.
What are the formulae of common oxides?
Common oxides include:
* Magnesium oxide (MgO)
* Iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)
* Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
These oxides have various applications in industry and chemistry.
What is the trend in acid-base behavior of oxides?
Metal oxides generally form basic solutions, while non-metal oxides typically form acidic solutions
Amphoteric oxides can act as either acids or bases
Example: Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH (basic) and CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ (acidic).
What does amphoteric mean and give examples?
Amphoteric substances can react as either an acid or a base. Examples include:
* Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)
* Zinc oxide (ZnO)
These oxides can react differently depending on the surrounding conditions.
What do litmus and UVI tests indicate?
Litmus paper changes color:
* Red for acids
* Blue for bases
UVI shows a full color spectrum, indicating exact pH
These tests are commonly used to determine the acidity or basicity of solutions.
How can acidic and basic oxides be identified?
Basic oxides turn litmus paper blue (e.g., CaO)
Acidic oxides turn litmus paper red (e.g., SO₂)
This property can help in classifying oxides based on their behavior in reactions.
What is combustion?
Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light
It typically results in the formation of carbon dioxide and water.
What tests can be used for water and carbon dioxide?
Water: Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate turns from white to blue
Carbon dioxide: Limewater turns milky when exposed to CO₂
These tests are commonly used in chemical analysis.
What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?
Complete combustion occurs with enough oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete combustion occurs with limited oxygen, producing carbon monoxide, soot, and water
Examples: Complete - CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O; Incomplete - 2CH₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO + 4H₂O.
What pollutants are formed during combustion?
Pollutants include:
* Carbon monoxide (CO)
* Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ)
* Particulate matter (soot)
* Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
These pollutants can have detrimental effects on health and the environment.
What are the equations for common pollutants?
Carbon monoxide: 2C + O₂ → 2CO
Nitrogen oxides: N₂ + O₂ → 2NO
These equations represent the formation of pollutants during combustion processes.
