Chappy 3: Biological Basis of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Electroencephalography

EEG

A

Brain function overtime (measures electrical potencials through electrodes on the scalp)

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2
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

Minimum length of time after which an action potencial during which another action potencial cannot begin

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3
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Pulse induces neurons in a target brain area to fire simultaneously, places them in brief refractory period - cognituve activities are surpressed

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4
Q

Define action potential

A

Electrical signals that form the basis of neuronal communication

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5
Q

Define afferent fibres

A

Carry information to CNS from PNS

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6
Q

Define autonomic NS

what are the subsets?

A

nerves that conect heart, blood, smooth vessels and glands (involuntary functions)

Sympathetic division: mobilizes resources for emergencies

Parasympathetic division: conserves bodily resources

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7
Q

Define CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord enclosed in sheaths (meninges), cerebrospinal fluid (nourishes brain and provides cushion) - fills ventricles

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8
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A

movement and sensation

connects brain to body via PNS

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9
Q

Define PNS

what is the subset?

A

nerves that lie outside the brain/spinal cord

Somatic NS : nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors (afferent + efferent fibres)

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10
Q

Axon

A

carried info AWAY from the soma

Larger axons: faster rate of transmission

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

specialized to RECIEVE info

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12
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulated material derrived from glial cells - 30x faster transmisson when axon is myelinated

deterioration: mutiple schlerosis

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13
Q

Terminal buttons

A

small knobs, secrete neurons

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14
Q

Synapses

A

the junction between neurons

syaptic celfts: gaps between neurons

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15
Q

Soma

A

cell body - contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells

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16
Q

Neurons

A

Individual cells in the NS that recieve, intergrate and transmit information

17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thinking perceiving, producing and understanding language - processing

18
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

hemispheric specialization

A

Left: linguistics, verbal processing

Right: non-verbal tasks, spatial tasking

19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects cerebral hemispheres: near center of the brain

20
Q

Post synaptic potencial

2 types

A

Not all or nothing!

Excitatory: increases probability of initiating an action potential

Ihibitory: decreases probability of initiating an action potential

21
Q

Forbrain

Thalamus, Limbic system

A

Thalamus

Limbic system: hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

22
Q

Thalamus

A

all sensory info (except olfactory) must pass to get to cerebral cortex

23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

limbic

basic bio needs (fuck, fight, feed, flee)

24
Q

Amygdala

A

limbic

experience of emotion

25
Hippocampus
limbic | memory processes/consolidation of memories for factual information
26
Genotype/phenotype
Geno: genetic makeup pheno: manifestation of genetic makeup
27
Genes
Basic units of heredity - natural selection operates on genes and not organisms
28
Leisioning
systematic distruction of certain parts of the brain (in animals) in order to study functions of specific areas
29
Glial cells
Support neurons - produce cerebrospinal fluid, forms the blood-brain barrier (keeps out foreign materials), immune system of the brain May also send/receive chemical signals Dysfunction: schizo, depression, Alzheimer's, chronic pain
30
Hindbrain Hints: Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum
back, bottom Pons: connects brainstem with the cerebellum, involved in sleep and arousal Medulla: attaches to the spinal cord - i charge of largely unconscious but vital functions ei: circulating blood, breathing and maintaining muscle tone Cerebellum: "little brain" - coordination of movemet and to the sense of equilibrium, or physical balance
31
Hormones
regulatory substance transported in tissue fluids to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action (ex: insulin)
32
Split brain research
Gazzaniga: Hemispheres separated to reduce severity of epilepsy
33
Steps of AP
1. Resting potential (-70mv) stable negative charge - uneven distribution of ions results in the cell having an electrical charge relative to outside 2 & 3. External stimulus + AP (-70mv to max of +30mv) very brief shift frm negative to positive charge (NA+ rushes in) 3 & 4. Absolute refractory period 4. Neuron returns to resting state
34
Reuptake
After excite or inhibit signal is sent, unused neurot are reabsorbed Synaptic pruning: gradual removal of less active synapses
35
Post synaptic potential | spatial/temporal summation
Neurot + receptor molecule - reacting in cell membrane cause a postsynaptic potential (PSP, voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane) spatial: combining of in+ex post pot as different but very close branches of dendrites