Chapitre 4 Flashcards
What is cognitive psychology?
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.”
What is memory?
Memory is the ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences.
What are the three main processes of memory?
The three main processes of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
What is encoding in memory?
Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
What is storage in memory?
Storage in memory refers to the retention of encoded information over time.
What is retrieval in memory?
Retrieval in memory is the process of accessing stored information when needed.
What are the three stages of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
The three stages are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is sensory memory?
Sensory memory is the initial stage that briefly holds sensory information from the environment.
What is short-term memory?
Short-term memory is a temporary storage system that holds a small amount of information for a short period of time.
What is long-term memory?
Long-term memory is the storage of a large amount of information for a long period of time.
What is working memory?
Working memory is a system for temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.
What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?
Short-term memory is a temporary storage system, while working memory is a system that actively processes and manipulates information.
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to George A. Miller?
George A. Miller proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is around 7 ± 2 items.
What is the primacy effect in memory?
The primacy effect is the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list due to longer rehearsal time.
What is the recency effect in memory?
The recency effect is the tendency to remember items at the end of a list due to their recent presentation.
What is the serial position curve in memory?
The serial position curve shows that people tend to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The encoding specificity principle states that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval.
What is context-dependent memory?
Context-dependent memory is the phenomenon where retrieval is most efficient when performed in the same context as encoding.
What is state-dependent memory?
State-dependent memory is the phenomenon where retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were during encoding.
What is the levels of processing model of memory?
The levels of processing model suggests that memory is based on the depth of processing that occurs during encoding.
What is proactive interference in memory?
Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information.
What is retroactive interference in memory?
Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with old information.