Chapitre 1 Flashcards
What is the main focus of cognitive psychology on perception?
Understanding how individuals acquire, interpret, and use information from the environment into the “senses” and interpret this information in the brain
True or False: Perception is solely based on sensory input.
False
Fill in the blank: Perception involves the ________ of sensory information.
interpretation
What is the term for the process of organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns?
Perceptual organization
What is the term for the tendency to perceive a complete image or form even when the sensory information is incomplete?
Gestalt principles
What is the term for the ability to perceive objects as having consistent shapes, sizes, and colors despite changes in sensory information?
Perceptual constancy
Which cognitive process involves the ability to selectively attend to certain stimuli while ignoring others?
Selective attention
What is the term for the ability to perceive depth and distance in a 3-dimensional space?
Depth perception
True or False: Perception is a passive process.
False
What is the term for the process of filling in missing information in sensory input based on past experiences?
Perceptual inference
Which theory suggests that perception is the result of combining individual sensory cues to create a unified perception?
Constructivist theory
What is the term for the ability to perceive motion and movement in the environment?
Motion perception
Fill in the blank: The ________ approach to perception emphasizes the role of top-down processing in influencing perception.
constructivist
Which theory posits that perception is the result of the brain’s predictions about the sensory input it receives?
Predictive coding theory
What is the term for the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as part of the same group?
Proximity principle
True or False: Perception is a purely objective process.
False
Which term refers to the ability to perceive objects as maintaining their shape regardless of viewing angle?
Shape constancy
Fill in the blank: The ________ theory of perception suggests that perception is the result of the brain’s interpretation of sensory input.
constructivist
What is the term for the ability to perceive objects as having a constant brightness despite changes in lighting?
Brightness constancy
Which principle states that objects that are similar in size, shape, color, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same group?
Similarity principle
True or False: Perception is solely based on individual sensory input and has no influence from cognitive processes.
False
Which theory suggests that perception is influenced by both bottom-up sensory input and top-down cognitive processes?
Interactive theory
What is the term for the ability to perceive objects as maintaining their size regardless of distance?
Size constancy
Fill in the blank: The ________ approach to perception emphasizes the role of past experiences and expectations in shaping perception.
constructivist
What is short-term memory?
Short-term memory is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory information.
What is long-term memory?
Long-term memory is a more permanent storage system that holds a vast amount of information for long periods of time.
What is working memory?
Working memory is a system that temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for cognitive tasks.
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
The capacity of short-term memory is limited to about 7 ± 2 items.
What is the serial position effect?
The serial position effect is the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the middle items.
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the ability to remember new information.
What is retroactive interference?
Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the ability to remember old information.
What is chunking?
Chunking is a memory technique that involves organizing information into smaller, more manageable units.
What is the primacy effect?
The primacy effect is the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list more easily than those in the middle.
What is the recency effect?
The recency effect is the tendency to remember items at the end of a list more easily than those in the middle.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Elaborative rehearsal is a memory strategy that involves linking new information to existing knowledge to enhance memory.
What is the method of loci?
The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves associating items with specific locations to aid in memory recall.
What is context-dependent memory?
Context-dependent memory is the phenomenon where retrieval is easier when the external environment at the time of encoding matches the retrieval environment.
What is state-dependent memory?
State-dependent memory is the phenomenon where retrieval is easier when an individual’s internal state at the time of encoding matches the retrieval state.
What is the misinformation effect?
The misinformation effect is the distortion of memory by misleading information provided after an event.
What is source amnesia?
Source amnesia is the inability to remember where or how previously learned information was acquired.
What is the spacing effect?
The spacing effect is the phenomenon where learning is more effective when studying is spread out over time rather than being crammed into a single session.
What is the dual-coding theory?
The dual-coding theory suggests that memory is enhanced by using both verbal and visual codes to represent information.
What is the levels of processing model?
The levels of processing model suggests that memory is influenced by the depth of processing during encoding.
What is the serial position curve?
The serial position curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the position of an item in a list and its likelihood of being recalled.
