Chapitre 1 part 1 PSD

Question 1

Which theory talks about the need for assimulation and what is it?

Answer 1

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory by Brewer (1991). Need to be like others.

Question 2

Which theory talks about the autokinetic affect and what is it ?

Answer 2

Subjective uncertainty reduction theory by Hogg (2000), Hogg & Abrams (1993). When individuals felt uncertain about some task, they became increasingly likely to comply with the norms and behaviors of the group, presumably as a means to diminish this uncertainty.

Question 3

What is a Bias in psychology ?

Answer 3

General pattern or tendency to think a certain way, it is essentially a quick route our brain can use in order to make decisions quickly.

Question 4

What is the social processes of cooptation referring to ?

Answer 4

Preferentially recruiting or promoting people who are part of the network and thus vouched for by other close colleagues. It gives the manager the false impression that a/he will be able to control how the other person behaves.

Question 5

What does decategorization means and do we use it for ?

Answer 5

It means reducing the feeling that there are fundamental differences between groups. We use it to fight against hidden forms of prejudice by inviting people to conceive themselves as individuals.

Question 6

How can we accomplish a decategorization ?

Answer 6

By differentiation (showing the wide variation between members of the same group) and personalization (showing that members of the group are individuals, not interchangeable units).

Question 7

What is discrimination ?

Answer 7

Differential behavior toward ingroup or outgroup targets. Treating an individual favorably or unfavorably because s/he is a member of a specific group.

Question 8

What is an endostereotypes ?

Answer 8

Members of a group providing judgements about their own group members.

Question 9

What is exostereotype ?

Answer 9

Members of a group providing judgments about members of other groups.

Question 10

What is the glass partition effect ?

Answer 10

Blocking key positions which leads to top jobs in the business.

Question 11

What is the glass ceiling effect ?

Answer 11

Make impossible for members of certain groups to rise to the top jobs in the business.

Question 12

What is the swing door effect ?

Answer 12

Piling up problems for a colleague so that in the end the colleague gives up trying to succeed and thus confirms negative stereotypes.

Question 13

What is ingroup derogation?

Answer 13

Negative evaluation of your own group. (Endodéfavoritisme)

Question 14

What is ingroup favoritism ?

Answer 14

Viewing your own group positively.

Question 15

What are intergroup conflicts?

Answer 15

Conflicts between groups.

Question 16

What is the Minimal Group Paradigm ?

Answer 16

It is a methodology proposed by Tajfel and his colleagues to investigate the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. In the first phase, participants are randomly and anonymously divided into two groups A and B. In the second phase participants take part in ostensibly unrelated resource distribution task knowing only the group and number of the other participants. Typically minimal group experiments find that participants show a significant degree of fairness in there allocations, they also show a significant tendency to allocate more money or points to ingroup members than to outgroup members.

Question 17

What is the optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer 1991) ?

Answer 17

This theory proposes that social identity involves a compromise between two opposing needs: The need of a simulation and the need for differentiation. People are motivated to identify with the groups that provide an optimal balance between these two needs. Optimal distinctiveness theory puts forward two motivations for inter-group bias. First, bias is motivated by the need to affirm the satisfaction derived from identification with an optimally distinct group. Second, given a certain degree of identification, intergroup bias is motivated by the need for intergroup differentiation.

Question 18

What is an outgroup derogation?

Answer 18

Group’s members view other groups negatively.

Question 19

What is outgroup favoritism ?

Answer 19

Group’s members view groups they don’t belong to more positively than their own.

Question 20

What is a prejudice ?

Answer 20

Group evaluation towards ingroup and outgroup targets. A negative or positive attitude towards a target, expressed in the form of unreasoned rejection or approval.

Question 21

What is recategorization ?

Answer 21

Reorganize people’s social perceptions constitutive groups and relation to fight against hidden forms of prejudice. It involve showing that each person can be seen as a member of one category according to one criterion and moving between these different levels of belonging.

Question 22

What is the Rosenthal effect ?

Answer 22

Also called self-fulfilling prophecy. Process in which we find confirmation and proof for our stereotype to be unknowingly creating stereotypical behavior in outgroup members through our treatment of them. Exemple : Œdipus

Question 23

Is self-report measures explicit or implicit measures?

Answer 23

Explicit measures.

Question 24

What is the Social Dominance Theory (Sidanius & Pratto 1999) ?

Answer 24

This theory proposes that society contains ideologies that either promote or attenuate intergroup hierarchies. Individual differences in the extent to which these competing ideologies are accepted are represented by social dominance orientation (SDO). People with high SDO have a strong desire to promote intergroup hierarchies and for their ingroups to dominate their outgroups.

Question 25

What is System Justification Theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994; Jost & Burgess, 2000) ?

Answer 25

People are motivated to rationalize and justify instances of inequality in order to preserve and defend the legitimacy of the system or statut quo. https://youtu.be/3lmcBIwOZ6c

Question 26

What is the Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) ?

Answer 26

There are 3 mental processes involved in evaluating others as us or them and they take place in a particular order : 1. Social categorization 2. Social identification 3. Social comparison Successful intergroup bias creates or protects relatively high ingroup status, thereby providing a positive social identity for ingroup members and satisfying their need for positive self-esteem.

Question 27

What is the social process of social reproduction referring to ?

Answer 27

When manager wants to recruit or promote someone, s/he preferential treatment to individuals with a similar educational, social or cultural background to him/herself. Gives the manager a false impression that s/he can predict how other person will behave.

Question 28

What is a stereotype?

Answer 28

Attribution of group traits indicating the direction of the prejudice (negative or positive).

Question 29

What is the Subjective Uncertainty Reduction Theory (Hogg 2000, Hogg & Abrams 1993) ?

Answer 29

People are motivated to reduce uncertainty. One way to reduce subjective uncertainty is to identify with social groups that provides clear normative prescriptions for behaviors. Early studios have shown how uncertainty translates into conformity and connection to groups.

Question 30

What is Terror Management Theory (Solomon et al. 1991) ?

Answer 30

This theory proposed that people have a need for self-preservation and that this need is frustrated by their awareness of the inevitability of their own death. According to this theory people with high self-esteem feel that they are meeting the values espoused by their cultural worldview, And therefore feel more confident in attaining some form of immortality. https://youtu.be/NELC2NLC3SQ