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chapers 27 y 48 (fak) Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are

A

eukaryotic, they’re the most important decomposers, drugs against them in fungal infection attack your own eukaryotic cells.

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2
Q

How many species of fungi cause human illness

A

about 300 species

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3
Q

Beneficial things about fungi

A

Penicillin (doctor desmadroso)
Yeast is used to make bread, cheese, soy sauce, tofu, beer, and wine.

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4
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi provide what to plants

A

Nutrients, water and support for land plants

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5
Q

what is Mycorrhizal

A

fungi that live in close association with plant roots

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6
Q

what is Mycorrhizae

A

fungi along with roots

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7
Q

Saprophytic fungi accelerates?

A

the carbon cycle on land

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8
Q

Fungi are simple, grow in two forms:

A

Single cell-Yeasts
Multicellular-Mycelium (singular: mycelium)
Some species adopt both forms

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9
Q

mycelium=

A

hyphae

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10
Q

spores are resistant to

A

drying out

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11
Q

fungi are more related to

A

us

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12
Q

Two types of plant-mycorrhizal interaction:

A

EMF and AMF have distinctive morphologies, functions and geographic distributions
EMF around, AMF into cell, both help

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13
Q

Microsporidia

A

single celled, considered parasitic on animal cells, polar tube that allows them to enter the cells they parasite

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14
Q

Chytrids:

A

Largely aquatic, common in freshwater amphibian

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15
Q

Zygomycetes

A

primarily soil-dwellers, fruits and vegetables

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16
Q

Glomeromycota:

A

Most are AMF, it helps plants with sugars and organic compounds

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17
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans:

A

meningitis, pigeon poop, infect lung, skin, eyes, bone, brain

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18
Q

Coccidiomycosis:

A

Valley fever, lives in soil, coccidioides immitis, coccidioides posadasii, fatigue, fever, cough, shortness of breath

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19
Q

Candida albicans

A

Opportunistic pathogen yeast infection, usually commensal organism, candidiasis, common HIV patients,, dimorphic, biofilm formation

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20
Q

denture stomatitis

A

Central venous catheter

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21
Q

Three key purposes:

A

prevent, detect, eliminate

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22
Q

Animals are born with an innate immunity, but only 1% are born with an

A

adaptive immunity (vertebrates), and it has a delayed development

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23
Q

Innate

A

quick

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24
Q

Adaptive

A

slow

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25
Insects:
Covered with a tough layer called cuticle
26
Soft-bodied invertebrates
are covered in mucus
27
Human skins:
dead cells
28
The innate immune response involves
leukocytes, they provide an immediate, generic response against broad groups of pathogens
29
. Antigens:
Foreign molecules that initiate the immune system response. (Toll-like proteins).
30
The inflammatory response is a multistep innate immune response Steps:
1.A break in the skin lets pathogens in 2.Platelets release proteins that form clots 3.Macrophages secrete chemokines that recruit immune cells 4.Mast cells secrete histamine that dilate blood vessels slightly farther away from the wound 5.Neutrophils Move out the blood vessels and migrate the infection
31
Complement system
Composed of 20 different proteins that work together to destroy invaders. The membrane attack complex will punch holes in membrane
32
Macrophage and dendritic cells=APC (antigen present cells)
they present the intruders to the helper T cells so that they can create antibodies
33
Macrophages
-guard cells -good at phagocytosis -give off cytokines
34
Neutrophils (foot soldiers)
-5 day life span -very common
35
Natural killer cells
-mature in bone marrow and on call -leave blood and enter tissue -can give off cytokines -can release perforin proteins that are suicice enzyme
36
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY RECOGNITION
-Is based on interactions between specific immune system cells and a specific antigen -Uses antibodies, which are secreted proteins that bind to a specific part of a specific antigen -And can respond to a seemingly limitless array
37
Four key characteristics of the adaptive response are…
1.Specificity It knows what to attack 2. Diversity It can attack anything 3. Memory It can learn 4.Self-nonself recognition It knows what to not attack (sometimes)
38
Lymphocytes:
-B cells: Discovered when researchers were working on antigen against Salmonella. This develops in Bursa in chickens, in humans and bursa-less species it grows in bone marrow -T cells Were identified in mice while researches were exploring the functions, including recognizing and killing host cells that are infected with a virus
39
Lymphocytes origin-
Produced in the bone marrow
40
B cells mature in
bone marrow
41
T cells mature
in thymus
42
Activation:
Recognize antigens and become activated in spleen and lymph nodes
43
The B-cell receptor (BCR)
protein that binds to antigens. It has the same structure as antibodies. Has two polypeptides:
44
BCR polypeptides
-Two identical light chains—smalle -Two identical heavy chains
45
Immunoglobulins (lg)
aka antibodies
46
IgG
most common/monomer -travels by blood - bacteria/viruses
47
IgD
Rare
48
IgE
- allergies -parasitic worms
49
IgA
–liquids (tears, milk) Newborns
50
IgM
- first to react Good at binding
51
Dendritic cells attack?
antigen
52
CD8’T-killer T-cells
cells interact with class I MHC-bound antigens
53
Active T cells undergo
clonal expansion
54
CD8 T cell
Cytotoxic T cell-Killer T cell
55
B cells that make antibodies are called
plasma cells
56
Antibodies can do 4 things at the same time
1 opsonization is the coating of the pathogen and its destruction by phagocytes 2 . Neutralization is the blocking of coated cells from interacting with host cells->neutralize participation in infection 3. Agglutination is the clumping of antigens caused by antibodies 4.Co-stimulation of complement proteins is activation of a lethal group of proteins called the complement system
57
B and T cells have a daughter cells called
memory cells, they don’t participate in primary immune response -Surveillance service -Remain in spleen and lymph nodes for years or decades -Immunological memory
58
MHC Proteins must be extremely similar for
a transplant work. Drugs that suppress immune response can also be used.
59
Edward Jenner
boy with cowpox and smallpox, then vaccination
60
3 Types of vaccines:
-Subunit vaccines: Hepatitis B and influenza; isolated viral proteins -Inactivated viruses: Hepatitis A and polio, chemical treatments or exposure to ultraviolet light. No infection, but are antigenic. -Attenuated or “live”: Lost ability to grow rapidly in normal host cells. Polio, smallpox, measles -mRNA vaccine: piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein, usually found on the virus’s outer membrane
61
Allergies:
Abnormal overactive response to an antigen -Some people produce lgE antibodies (worm infection) in response to cat dander, nuts, plant pollen, etc. -Molecules that trigger allergies are called allergens -First time not so bad because leukocytes bind to lgE to produce antibodies, but 2nd or 3rd time, allergic reaction starts
62
Autoimmune diseases:
Directed against molecules or cells that normally exist: Diabetes Hashimoto's Disease: lo de la miss Lupus

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