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Ap biology > Chaper 25: Plant Form And Function > Flashcards

Chaper 25: Plant Form And Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Basic components and functions

A
  1. Root system- absorption and storage

2. Shoot system- stems and leaves

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1
Q

What do plants require?

A
  1. Light
  2. Water
  3. Carbon dioxide
  4. Oxygen
  5. Specific nutrients (N, Ca, K etc)
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2
Q

3 tissue types

A
  1. Vascular tissue
  2. Dermal
  3. Ground
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3
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem, phloem, stele, pericycle and pith

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4
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Outer protective covering (epidermal)

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5
Q

Ground tissue

A

All cells that are not vascular or dermal. Storage and photosynthetic - viscera of the plant cortex and endodermis

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6
Q

Three organs of plants are?

A

Leaves, stems, and roots

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7
Q

What are the function of Roots?

A

Water uptake, anchor plant, store food (carrots, potatoes)

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8
Q

Root structure:

A

3 tissues arranged in circles: epidermis, cortex, and vascular tissue

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9
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin with root hairs

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10
Q

Root hairs

A

Soak up water. Pulled off easily. Transplant with soil

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11
Q

Cortex

A

Majority of root. Parenchyma walls for food storage. Loosely packed cells so water can move easily between

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12
Q

Endodermis

A

Innermost layer that contains the casparian strip in the cell walls forcing the water and minerals to pass through the membrane

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13
Q

Casparian strip

A

Protein that prevents water from flowing out and back to the cortex and leak out of the roots

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14
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Areas with xylem and phloem also a layer of cells

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15
Q

Pericycle

A

Which produced branched roots (meristem)

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16
Q

Vascular tissue in plant:

A

Root- vascular cylinder
Stem- vascular bundle
Leaf- vein

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17
Q

Monocots have what in the center with a ring a xylem around it?

A

Pith

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18
Q

Have a star shaped vascular bundle

A

Eudicots

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19
Q

Root cap

A

Protects the apical meristem, gets worn away as root pushes through the soil. Lubricates and loosens the soil

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20
Q

Cell division

A

Occurs in meristem. Constantly produces new cells and new cap

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21
Q

Elongation

A

Cuboidal cells elongate. Root length 10x

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22
Q

Differentiation

A

Maturation. Cells mature and specialize into vascular, dermal or ground tissue

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23
Q

Adventitious

A

“Not coming from the root”. Example: Arial roots and prop roots of corn.

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24
Q

Haustoria

A

Root like stems that parasitize other close plants

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25
Q

Inside of stems:

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and scleremchyma

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26
Q

Parenchyma

A

Most common ground tissue for turgid pressure with large vacuoles. No secondary walls. Water had to flow back and forth between cells

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27
Q

Collenchyma

A

Walls contain pectin, thick primary walls. Strong but flexible and hard to cut or knock down

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28
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Have lignin (hardens cellulose) in secondary walls for rigidity. Contains fibers or schlereids. Ex: Grit in pears

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29
Q

Meristem

A

A group of actively dividing cells, plant is growing

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30
Q

Tap root

A

One main root that grows straight down. Exp: carrot

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31
Q

Fibros roots

A

Roots grow same length as width

32
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Root system- xylem and phloem

33
Q

Vascular bundle

A

Xylem and phloem in stems

34
Q

Vein

A

Xylem and phloem in leaf

35
Q

Dicots

A

Star shaped

36
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Grow above ground

37
Q

Haustoria

A

Act like parasites. Don’t photosynthesize. Roots can grow oh other plants and steal their nutrients

38
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Grow directly on root (fungus). Absorb glucose from root, provide nitrogen and excess water to plant

39
Q

Herbaceous stem

A

Doesn’t have bark

Derma layer that has stomata and carries on photosynthesis

40
Q

Woody stem

A

Bark, don’t carry on photosynthesis

41
Q

In Angiosperms

A

Sieve tube members with sieve plates at ends with pores

42
Q

Companion cells

A

Associated with non nucleated sieve tube offer chemical support- connected by plasmodesmata

43
Q

Tracheids taper and overlap with pits inbetween

A

Gives support

44
Q

Vessel elements

A

Short and wide tubes arranged in series

45
Q

Dicots vascular tissue

A

Cylinder with xylem on the inside close to the pith and phloem on the outside close to the cortex

46
Q

Shoot systems grow…

A

Like the root system, with the shoot apical meristem, cell elongation and differentiation

47
Q

Develop above the nodes-

A

Auxiliary buds (become branches and flowers)

48
Q

Branches develop only if

A

The terminal bud is absent- apical dominance

49
Q

Internodes

A

Area between leaves

50
Q

In grasses the meristem is

A

At the base of the leaves

51
Q

Stolons

A

On surface, horizontal

Ex. Strawberry or spider plant

52
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal below the surface

Ex. Potatoes and iris

53
Q

Grafting

A

Stem cut inserted into a cut in the rooted plant

Ex. Rose bushes

54
Q

Stem cuts-

A

Hormones promote adventitious roots

55
Q

Primary growth

A

The growth of stems , roots, and leaves. Up and down

56
Q

Protoderm

A

Primary growth- Becomes the epidermis

57
Q

Procambium

A

Primary growth- Becomes vessels

58
Q

Ground meristem

A

Primary growth- Becomes cortex

59
Q

Secondary growth

A

Involves thickness (elongation) growth never stops during the life span of the plant. Side to side

60
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Not determined, grow continuously through your life each year

61
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Secondary growth- thin meristems between xylem and phloem that produces both- xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside

62
Q

Rays

A

Secondary growth- lateral xylem vessels

63
Q

Old phloem-

A

Secondary growth- splits and becomes party of bark

64
Q

Old xylem

A

Secondary growth- gets clogged in older growth (heartwood )

65
Q

Cork cambium

A

Produces cork to the outside and replaces the epidermis

66
Q

Girdling

A

Removing a strip of bark all around the tree, cuts phloem and eventually kills the tree

67
Q

Function of leaves

A

Position for maximum photosynthesis, conserve water, collect water for photosynthesis

68
Q

Ground tissue of leaves

A

Mesophyll

69
Q

Pallidsade parenchyma

A

Columnar cells for photosynthesis

70
Q

Spongy parenchyma

A

Irregular fitting with spaces for water vapor, O2, and CO3

71
Q

Leaves

Dermal-

A

Upper and lower epidermis are covered by a wavy cuticle

72
Q

Vascular bundles in leaves

A

Veins

73
Q

Petioles

A

Leaf stalks

74
Q

Pinnate or palmate be nation

A

Dicots and veins arranged like a net or palm

75
Q

Leaves

Monocots

A

Veins are parallel

76
Q

Types of leaves-

A 
Simple
Compound
Pinnately compound 
Palmately compound 
Double compound
77
Q

Longevity of plants

A
  1. Annuals- lives only 1 season
  2. Biennials- live over 2 seasons
  3. Perennials- live for many seasons

Ap biology (3 decks)

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