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Ap biology > Chaper 25: Plant Form And Function > Flashcards

Chaper 25: Plant Form And Function Flashcards

(78 cards)

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0
Q

Basic components and functions

A
  1. Root system- absorption and storage

2. Shoot system- stems and leaves

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1
Q

What do plants require?

A
  1. Light
  2. Water
  3. Carbon dioxide
  4. Oxygen
  5. Specific nutrients (N, Ca, K etc)
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2
Q

3 tissue types

A
  1. Vascular tissue
  2. Dermal
  3. Ground
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3
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem, phloem, stele, pericycle and pith

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4
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Outer protective covering (epidermal)

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5
Q

Ground tissue

A

All cells that are not vascular or dermal. Storage and photosynthetic - viscera of the plant cortex and endodermis

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6
Q

Three organs of plants are?

A

Leaves, stems, and roots

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7
Q

What are the function of Roots?

A

Water uptake, anchor plant, store food (carrots, potatoes)

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8
Q

Root structure:

A

3 tissues arranged in circles: epidermis, cortex, and vascular tissue

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9
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin with root hairs

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10
Q

Root hairs

A

Soak up water. Pulled off easily. Transplant with soil

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11
Q

Cortex

A

Majority of root. Parenchyma walls for food storage. Loosely packed cells so water can move easily between

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12
Q

Endodermis

A

Innermost layer that contains the casparian strip in the cell walls forcing the water and minerals to pass through the membrane

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13
Q

Casparian strip

A

Protein that prevents water from flowing out and back to the cortex and leak out of the roots

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14
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Areas with xylem and phloem also a layer of cells

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15
Q

Pericycle

A

Which produced branched roots (meristem)

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16
Q

Vascular tissue in plant:

A

Root- vascular cylinder
Stem- vascular bundle
Leaf- vein

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17
Q

Monocots have what in the center with a ring a xylem around it?

A

Pith

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18
Q

Have a star shaped vascular bundle

A

Eudicots

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19
Q

Root cap

A

Protects the apical meristem, gets worn away as root pushes through the soil. Lubricates and loosens the soil

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20
Q

Cell division

A

Occurs in meristem. Constantly produces new cells and new cap

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21
Q

Elongation

A

Cuboidal cells elongate. Root length 10x

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22
Q

Differentiation

A

Maturation. Cells mature and specialize into vascular, dermal or ground tissue

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23
Q

Adventitious

A

“Not coming from the root”. Example: Arial roots and prop roots of corn.

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24
Haustoria
Root like stems that parasitize other close plants
25
Inside of stems:
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and scleremchyma
26
Parenchyma
Most common ground tissue for turgid pressure with large vacuoles. No secondary walls. Water had to flow back and forth between cells
27
Collenchyma
Walls contain pectin, thick primary walls. Strong but flexible and hard to cut or knock down
28
Sclerenchyma
Have lignin (hardens cellulose) in secondary walls for rigidity. Contains fibers or schlereids. Ex: Grit in pears
29
Meristem
A group of actively dividing cells, plant is growing
30
Tap root
One main root that grows straight down. Exp: carrot
31
Fibros roots
Roots grow same length as width
32
Vascular cylinder
Root system- xylem and phloem
33
Vascular bundle
Xylem and phloem in stems
34
Vein
Xylem and phloem in leaf
35
Dicots
Star shaped
36
Adventitious roots
Grow above ground
37
Haustoria
Act like parasites. Don't photosynthesize. Roots can grow oh other plants and steal their nutrients
38
Mycorrhizae
Grow directly on root (fungus). Absorb glucose from root, provide nitrogen and excess water to plant
39
Herbaceous stem
Doesn't have bark | Derma layer that has stomata and carries on photosynthesis
40
Woody stem
Bark, don't carry on photosynthesis
41
In Angiosperms
Sieve tube members with sieve plates at ends with pores
42
Companion cells
Associated with non nucleated sieve tube offer chemical support- connected by plasmodesmata
43
Tracheids taper and overlap with pits inbetween
Gives support
44
Vessel elements
Short and wide tubes arranged in series
45
Dicots vascular tissue
Cylinder with xylem on the inside close to the pith and phloem on the outside close to the cortex
46
Shoot systems grow...
Like the root system, with the shoot apical meristem, cell elongation and differentiation
47
Develop above the nodes-
Auxiliary buds (become branches and flowers)
48
Branches develop only if
The terminal bud is absent- apical dominance
49
Internodes
Area between leaves
50
In grasses the meristem is
At the base of the leaves
51
Stolons
On surface, horizontal | Ex. Strawberry or spider plant
52
Rhizomes
Horizontal below the surface | Ex. Potatoes and iris
53
Grafting
Stem cut inserted into a cut in the rooted plant | Ex. Rose bushes
54
Stem cuts-
Hormones promote adventitious roots
55
Primary growth
The growth of stems , roots, and leaves. Up and down
56
Protoderm
Primary growth- Becomes the epidermis
57
Procambium
Primary growth- Becomes vessels
58
Ground meristem
Primary growth- Becomes cortex
59
Secondary growth
Involves thickness (elongation) growth never stops during the life span of the plant. Side to side
60
Indeterminate growth
Not determined, grow continuously through your life each year
61
Vascular cambium
Secondary growth- thin meristems between xylem and phloem that produces both- xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside
62
Rays
Secondary growth- lateral xylem vessels
63
Old phloem-
Secondary growth- splits and becomes party of bark
64
Old xylem
Secondary growth- gets clogged in older growth (heartwood )
65
Cork cambium
Produces cork to the outside and replaces the epidermis
66
Girdling
Removing a strip of bark all around the tree, cuts phloem and eventually kills the tree
67
Function of leaves
Position for maximum photosynthesis, conserve water, collect water for photosynthesis
68
Ground tissue of leaves
Mesophyll
69
Pallidsade parenchyma
Columnar cells for photosynthesis
70
Spongy parenchyma
Irregular fitting with spaces for water vapor, O2, and CO3
71
Leaves | Dermal-
Upper and lower epidermis are covered by a wavy cuticle
72
Vascular bundles in leaves
Veins
73
Petioles
Leaf stalks
74
Pinnate or palmate be nation
Dicots and veins arranged like a net or palm
75
Leaves | Monocots
Veins are parallel
76
Types of leaves-
``` Simple Compound Pinnately compound Palmately compound Double compound ```
77
Longevity of plants
1. Annuals- lives only 1 season 2. Biennials- live over 2 seasons 3. Perennials- live for many seasons

Ap biology (3 decks)

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