Chaper 11 Flashcards
Glutamate
Excitatory amino acid
Aspartate
Excitatory amino acid
Glycine
Inhibitory amino acid
GABA
Inhibitory amino acid
Huntington Disease
- Gene on chromosome 4 that effects production of Huntington
- Effects of Glutamate Excitotoxicity
- No cure/ Good treatments
- lack of concentration
- short term memory
- involuntary movements
- stumbling
- dramatic weight loss
- depression
Excitotoxicity
neuron dies from over productivity
Neuropeptides – roles as hormones and neurotransmitters
small protein-like molecules (peptides) used by neurons to communicate with each other. They are neuronal signaling molecules that influence the activity of the brain in specific ways.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- released in hypothalamus
- helps regulate food intake
Panic Disorder
psychiatric disorder in which debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause.
Agoraphobia
ype of anxiety disorder in which you fear and often avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
hippocampus used in part for learning and memory
Vasopressin
-involved in learning and memory
hormone- regulates urination- water release
Angiotensin
regulates water intake (thirst)
Substance P
used for transmitting pain
Endorphins and Enkephalins
for reward/ pleasure/ pain suppressors
Dale’s Law
- each neuron releases just one neurotransmitter
- this is wrong
Psychoactive Drugs
- drugs act by enhancing or impeding neurotransmitter activities
- to be psychoactive, must be able to cross the blood brain barrier
Agonists
increasing activities of a neurotransmitter
Antagonists
work against activities of neurotransmitters
Rules of Multiplication and Neurotransmitters/Drugs
excitatory neurotransmitter (+) agonist (+) inhibitory neurotransmitter (-) antagonist (-) Neg x Neg= pos Positive x Positive= positive Positive x Neg= negative Neg x Positive= negative
Depressants
decrease behavioral activity
ex. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Alcohol
- starts in the prefrontal lobes (out to in)
- effects judgement and inhibition
- effects limbic system
- motor behavior is effected
Causes of Alcohol Abuse
Gabaagonist- increasing inhibitory= depressant effects
possible genetic predisposition
Genetic Intolerance of Alcohol (allergy)
Allergic to alcohol
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
-results from chronic alcohol abuse
-memory loss
-sensory and motor dysfuntion
-dementia
-
Cirrhosis of the liver
complication of liver disease which involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.
Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Librium)
used for treating anxiety
-tend to have lower potential to abuse
Caffeine
stimulate- increase behavioral activity, mood, altertness and motor behavior
Adenosine
drug used to treat irregular heart beat
Nicotine
stimulate- increase behavioral activity, mood, altertness and motor behavior
hypoxia
oxygen starvation (why people think smoking cigs relaxes them)
Strychnine (How it works, used as poison)
glycine antagonist
- put in heroin, cocaine, LSD
- supposedly killed Robert Johnson
Nucleus Accumbers
primary part of brain responsible for addiction
Cocaine
feels indifferent (superhuman) just blocks repute of dopamine and neripernherine
Opiates (common types, how they work)
- they bind to opioid receptors, mimic endorphins and enkephalins
- morphine, codeine, demerol, heroine powder
