Chap6 Agexxxx Flashcards
Is the process of transmitting ideas, information, technologies, from one person to
another with the intent of enhancing/modefying the learner’s knowledge, attitudes,
and/or skills.
Teaching
Refers to the systematic procedure employed by extension worker in getting the vital
information across the client-learners.
Method
It includes everything one does or refrain to do
which causes behavioral changes in the individual learner.
Method
Refers to the art and skills of performance.
Techniques
This will involve the use of action or gestures,
changing facial expressions to depict different moods, varying voice, pitch, tempo and
timbre.
Techniques
Is a “little method”. It is a teaching aid or a tool used to facilitate instruction. It is any
means, usually concrete, used to make the instruction better, meaningful and more
interesting.
Device
Factors to consider in choosing teaching
methods to use
Human factor (extension worker as teacher, The client-Learners)
The objectives
Subject Matter
Available Materials and Facilities
Time consideration
Available budget support
Knowledge, attitudes and experience are all factors of primary importance.
The extension worker must be credible, that is acceptable and believable
to the clientele groups.
Extension worker as teaher
The clienteles may include the farmers, homemakers, the out-of-school
youth and the enterpreneurs, among others.
The client-Learners
statements of what clientele will be able to do after the learning
process
Objectives
is what the extension worker will be presenting and discussing.
Subject matter
Time given to the extension worker to present subject matter, time of the day or
even the load time to of one to prepare the materials needed for the learning
activity.
Time consideration
Classification of the Extension Teaching
Methods
Individual contacts
Group contacts
Mass media
farm and home visit, office call, telephone
correspondence and result demonstration.
Individual contacts
interaction between several number of individuals and engage in a
lively exchange of ideas about a specific topic
Group method
Is a prepared oral presentation on a given subject by a trainer or a resource person
while the audience is usually passive, i.e. simply taking notes or just listening. A lecture
is basically a means of sharing information the learners need to know. However, it does
not mean that all the sharing done by the trainer during the class period can be termed
as a lecture. The term must be confine used to achieve an instructional objective.
Lectures
used to achieve an instructional objective.
Lectures
lecture, method demonstration meeting, group discussion, field trip, seminars-
workshop, conferences, role-playing, panel.
Group contacts
The main purpose of THIS is to inform the participants about a specified subject
matter. The resource speaker should have adequate information to transmit to
participants by means of oral communication.
Lecture
Characteristics of lectures
✓ Coverage and pacing of presentation can be predetermined.
✓ Lecture can readily be repeated, especially when hand outs and visuals aids have
already been prepared.
✓ Usually, one-way communication, with most if not all the talking done by the lecturer.
✓ Lecture may be interesting or boring depending on the technique of the lecturer.
Gathering of the officers and members of an organized group, or a
group of intended clienteles with the extension worker for a definite
purpose.
Meetings
✓ Plan the activities to be undertaken by the organization/ clientele-group
✓ Monitor the implementation of the organizations plans and programs
✓ Assess and/ or evaluate the organizations activities
✓ Resolve conflicts/ problems encountered by the organization.
Meetings
classified according to frequency/ time of holding the meeting
(monthly, quarterly, annually) composition of people attending (general, assembly,
officers, committee) or function of the meeting (planning meeting, consultation
meeting, conflict resolution meeting)
Characteristics of meeting/ MEETINGS
Is one if not the oldest teaching methods. This method
emphasizes the principle of “learning by doing”. It is easy to
learn things if the extension worker not only tells “how” but also
“show how” the skills is being done.
Method demonstration
used to help clients gain skills in doing things in a
correct way.
Method demonstration/purpose of demonstration
This method enhances application of learned principles
✓ It is challenging and thought-provoking
✓ The pace of demonstration is flexible
Method demonstration
planned and guided visit of a group of participants to a specific site or sites for
the purpose of obtaining first-hand information about an organization and its
services / products. It is also regarded as a means of showing.
Field trip/ Lakbay aral
It is also regarded as a means of showing. The participants how
people are doing certain livelihood or rural development activities. It allows for
exchange of ideas; it motivates people to adopt some improved practices through
actual observations
Field trip or lakbay aral
provide first-hand observation of operation processes or practices that cannot be
readily available in the classrooms or laboratory
✓ To provide opportunity to the learners to relate theory to actual practices in the field
Lakbay aral or field trip
is an effective way of imparting knowledge through actual observation
of a practice as participants will have the opportunity to have a look-see of the
projects/activities
✓ It stimulates group work
✓ It makes learning enjoyable and caters to the need for adventure
✓ It stimulates fellowship among members
Field trip
considered a mobile class and observational way learning
Field trip
means a meeting whereby a group of advanced
students studying under a professor with which doing original research and all
exchanging results through reports and discussions.
Seminar
In a broader sense, the term
____ means not only to discuss the result in a meeting, but also to discuss any
activity or part of any activity in a specific purpose.
Seminar
✓ To provide participants with opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences relating
to the topic(s)
✓ To stimulate the participant’s interests on the subject and to broaden their outlook as
they learn from each other’s experiences
Seminar
The seminar includes the following components:
Developing the skills and knowledge through direct exchange of views
• Knowing the participants
• Knowing the facts
• Evaluating the facts
• Preparing the physical details
• Minimizing duplication of activities
• Avoiding the wrong steps
May be held for a few or for a day with different sessions;
Seminar
It is a very effective method of disseminating technical know-how for human
resources development
Seminar
Is a meeting of individuals, preferably small number usually in a round table situation
who meet for a specific purpose.
Conference
The key word is “purpose”. can also
be defined as a discussion wherein participants exchange views
Conference
Allow people with common interests to meet and share information.
Conference
✓ is held for a purpose
✓ The leader should be democratic; rather than authoritarian
✓ It involves conflicts to stir the group to more discussions to generate more ideas
Conference
provides sound motivation and a good climate for growth. It also
contributes substantially to productivity by promoting the discovery of new and
innovative solutions to problems
Conference
It is a direct and economical method of transmitting
information that applies to all members of a group
Conference
method of adopting roles from real life other than those being played by the person
concerned and understanding the dynamics of those role. “Role fitting and role-taking”
other terms sometimes used to describe this process. The technique o
Role playing
The technique of ____
offers opportunity for practicing skills in “doing” and implementing.
Role playing
Types of Role Paying
- Structured Role Playing
a. The Single Role Play
b. The Multiple Role Play
c. The Role Rotation - Spontaneous Role Play
This type of role play consists of two or three people playing out roles in
front of a group.
Single role play
This type of role play is usually used when the purpose is to
develop the leadership skills. In this case, one person is attempting to deal with the
problem, and the others are contributing to the problem. All the role players except
one act as foil to that one person.
Single role play
all participants are players. The group is broken up
into groups of two; three or whatever number of roles is called for by the particular
role play.
Multiple role play
should be used when the extension worker desires
to give the entire group a chance to practice dealing with a problem related to the
training objective.
Multiple role play
consists of having one person play a role usually that of an
individual who has a problem or is creating a problem and having several class
members attempt to use their skills to handle the situation.
Role rotation
is
done in sequence. After one participant finishes with the problem presented by the
role player, another volunteer is requested by the trainer to respond to the same
situation until three to five persons have had a chance to role-play the situation
Role rotation
requires that the trainer elicits problems from the
group and then directed an enactment of the problem
Spontaneous role play
No written roles are used.;
the materials for the role are obtained directly from the group itself. The
post enactment discussion ____focuses almost
exclusively on process factors. e.g. motivation, attitudes, and defense mechanism
Spontaneous role play
This method is usually useful for problem analysis involving feelings and attitudes
Role playing
Is very good for studying the process of group interaction. In this
situation, every member in the group gets practice in role-playing.
Multiple group role playing
requires extremely high skills on the part of the trainers
which may not be available in all situations.
Spontaneous role playing
is an activity where a group of three to 10 people meet together to
discuss informally but deliberately a topic of mutual concerns usually
under the guidance of a leader.
Group discussion
is a purposeful conversation that is usually routed through a
leader.
✓ Suitable to small groups to ensure active participation of everyone.
Grouo discussion
as a term suggests is held to give public recognition to
worthwhile accomplishments of the extension office, farmer-
cooperators and the like.
Achievement days
To exhibit the significant output / products of projects undertaken during a
particular season/year.
✓ To give recognition to outstanding partners in development (farmer cooperator,
leaders, homemakers, out-of-school-youth, extension worker, researchers).
✓ To demonstrate how a certain skills or product is done
Achievement days
a season-long event conducted in the field wherein the farmers are encouraged to
explore and discover for themselves new technologies/ options in a systematic manner
and to make decisions based on their own learning’s
Ffs- farmers Field school
Where was ffs developed/introduced
Indonesia
✓ To enhance the farmer’s problem solving and decision-making skills.
✓ To familiarize farmers with the ecological processes utilized in crop cultivation
FFS
a place where anybody can openly voice their views
and opinions in a discussion-style setting. It might take place in person
or online, and it’s often made to promote conversation and debate
about a certain subject.
Open forum
Individuals are encouraged to express their opinions, ideas, and perspectives
freely and openly.
✓ welcomes diverse viewpoints and encourages respectful
dialogue and debate.
Open forum
Included under this are the different
publications produced such as
brochures, leaflets, information
bulletins, newspapers, circulars,
wall newspapers, and comics used
to disseminate technologies and
other valuable information’s to
intended clientele
Printed media
a pamphlet or more
than four (4) pages containing
essential information on a
technology package. Essentially,
this is in the popular or layman’s
level.
Primer
is a single sheath
printed material containing brief
information on a specific
information that is NOT NECESSARILY
a step-by-step procedural
instruction to follow but is also
needed by the farmers. It may bear on both sides and may
be folded.
Leaflet
thin, unbound book
containing a specific topic; more
detailed than a leaflet.
Brochure
consists of up to 20
pages joined at the spine, longer
than a brochure
Booklet
supplemental to
lectures contain some topics/
important information discussed
in the lecture.
Handouts
regularly issued
publication, keeps people ABREAST
to what is happening in their field
of interest
Newsletter
contains useful
information / instructions about a
specific subject matter; ONE-PAGE,
CONTINUOUS PUBLICATION
Factsheet
generic for
printed material in COMICS
FORMAT; including illustrations and
text; a subtle way of putting a
message wherein a development
message is incorporated in the
story.
Photonovel
print material
provides a valuable channel for
transmission of educational
information
Newspaper
this material is
similar in size and appearance to posters. One difference though is
that the _______ usually
attempts to COMMUNICATE MORE
THAN ONE IDEA and has more
illustrations. Usually, It is posted at busy and
strategically located bulletin
boards or walls or reading centers,
schools or barangay halls.
Wall newspaper
- is a single sheet printed
material SUMMARIZING INFORMATION
on technology package or
component technology. It bears
illustrations and brief text,
preferably in the audience
dialects.
used as
reference for further technical
assistance and for use as advance
handout information. It bear
prints only on one side.
Flyer
single sheet visual
containing photographs and
captions to highlight a
recommendation or promote
awareness.
is intended
to attract initial attention or
provide constant reminder about
a recommendation or message.
Poster
a SEMI technical
publication on a package of
technology intended for extension
worker
Bulletin
Information is usually well organized and written in a language the intended readers
caneasily understand.
➢ Can be used to supplement other teaching methods
Print media
Comes in attractive and handy formats
➢ Information is usually well organized and written in a language the intended readers
caneasily understand.
Print media
Can reach more people more quickly than any other means of
communication
➢ Suitable for handling emergency and timely information
➢ Relatively cheap
➢ Reaches who read a little or not at all
➢ Reaches those who do not attend extension meetings
➢ Builds interest in other extension media
➢ Good means of informing urban people about agricultural
matters
➢ Possible to build a substantial audience of sustained listeners
Radio
➢Comes closest to face-to-face
communication visual
undoubtedly increases
effectivenessof message
➢Reaches both urban and rural populations
➢Slow motions give clear view of
key operations
➢Process requiring much time can
be viewed within a few minutes
Tv/ television
regarded as a PUBLIC DISPLAY of technologies, innovations,
products, or even services available to the farmers, fisherfolks, entrepreneurs, in
particular and the public in general
Exhibit
Give information
➢ Show how a certain process is done
➢ Encourage participation
➢ Promote innovation/ technology/ product
➢ Give recognition
Exhibit
are good campaign
materials. It may be designed to
AROUSE INTEREST and direct people
to a source of further information
or it may teach a lesson by itself.
Posters
generally available for extension use
are an ineffective device for actual
extension teaching.
used mainly to attract
attention, arouse interest and to
entertain.
Motion picture
Relatively
inexpensive projectors can be obtained
which will show colored slides or film
strips. The machine usually operates by
electricity. Colored slides can be made
up for the local area showing familiar
scenes, faces, and the same time,
teaching a new practice. Accompanied
by a lecture the slides are very
effective.
Slides and film strips
Nothing more than a
piece of flannel cloth stretched over a
flat smooth wood surface.
Flannelgraph
Give examples of broadcast media
Poster
Flannelgraph
Motion pictures
Models
Specimens
Diagram
Phoyographs
Etc
Sometimes used
by POSTING IN A PROMINENT PLACE a
news sheet done in a large print.
This may give current agricultural
news, announce the meetings or
other farm events.
Wall newspaper
real things
which have been removed
as units form their natural
settings
Objects
visual symbols made
up of lines and geometric forms
from which pictorial elements is
absent.
Diagram
Examples of diagram
e.g. diagram of the root
systema plant, floor plan of
the house, direction for
assembling a collapsible
technology
they are real things but
differ from objects in the sense that
specimens may be a small part
segment, piece or sample of the
whole that have been treated and
mounted in some special way in order
to preserve it.
Specimen
recognizable three-
dimensional replicas of real
objects
Model
are the tools of teaching through the sense of sight. They are supporting
materials & they alone cannot generate learning.
Visual aids
They should be considered only a TOOL
that helps to do a job in a better way.
Visual aids
visual symbols used forsummarizing, comparing and contrasting, and
explaining a subjectmatter.
Charts
Common types of charts
• Organizational charts
• Flow charts
• Pie charts
• Line charts
• Pictorial graphs
• Trend charts
• Combination
used as an effective medium of
communicating the message of
development programs. Dramatization
of a theme or story creates a lively
interest among the audience. Folk-
songs & dances related to the subjects
of local interest & importance, when
acted on the stage, bring them home
more forcefully.
Cultural programs
They are displayed on a bulletin-
board at a common meeting-place where a
large number of people can see them.
They should be clear & bold in
composition with proper captions.
Phoyographs
create a sense of
realization in a person. Models of new
farm equipment, compost pits &
sanitation devices & animals are mostly
prepared for those people who are not
in a position to see them in the actual
form. They are used to create interest,
promote understanding & influence
the people to adopt a certain practice.
Models
transparent picture or
photograph in an individual mount. For viewing
the image, the picture is projected through a
slide-projector which brings the enlarged image
into focus on a screen.
Slides
excellent aids of
illustrating talks & showing people concrete
activities & aspects of development. They can be
effectively used to show different situations &
methods of carrying out an activity. They can be
arranged in a series for giving an illustrated talk
on improved agricultural practices, cultivation of
crops, etc.
Slides
very popular &
especially suitable for village situations.
can be effectively organized to
gather the rural people.
short story, brief scenes & quick dialogues are
necessary. Such shows can teach a lesson
about health, literacy, agriculture. Or home-
making.
Puppet
