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Cp3 > Chap4 (not Ai Generated) > Flashcards

Chap4 (not Ai Generated) Flashcards

1
Q

oral, contact/dermal, inhalation

A

Route

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2
Q

concentration of the toxicant

A

Magnitude

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3
Q

length of exposure

A

Duration

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4
Q

number of exposure to the toxicant

A

Frequency

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5
Q

A measurement of toxicity that dose/concentration at which 50% of the test species will die under
specified duration of exposure

A

LD50

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6
Q

exposure in one single dose

A

Acute tests

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7
Q

exposure in which the dose is delivered at specified frequency over a
period of time

A

Chronic tests

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8
Q

Pesticides having an oral LD50 up to 50 mg/kg

A

Category 1 - Extremely toxic

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9
Q

Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to 50-500 mg/kg

A

Category 2- highly toxic

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10
Q

Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to 500-5000 mg/kg

A

Category 3- moderately toxic

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11
Q

Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to >5000 mg/kg

A

Category 4- slightly toxic

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12
Q

inhibits feeding, insects starve to death

A

Anti feedant

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13
Q

reduces transpiration

A

Anti transpirant

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14
Q

lures pests to treated location

A

Attractant

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15
Q

removes unwanted plant growth

A

Defoliant

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16
Q

dries up plant parts and insects

A

Dessicant

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17
Q

stops, speeds up or retards growth processes of plants/insects

A

Growth regulator

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18
Q

drives pests from treated areas without killing them

A

Repellant

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19
Q

enhances the effectiveness of an active ingredient

A

Synergist

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20
Q

poison enters the pest through the mouth (feeding) and is absorbed through
the digestive tract

A

Stomach poison

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21
Q

poison penetrates the pest’s body as a result of contact of legs or
external portions of the body on treated surfaces

A

Contact poison

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22
Q

volatile poison enters through the respiratory system of the pest

A

Fumigant

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23
Q

toxicant is water soluble and taken into the plant through the roots, stems
and leaves and trans located throughout the plant. These are effective against sucking,
boring and mining pest and the toxicant is acquired during feeding process.

A

Systemic poison

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24
Q

as based on the structure of the compound and named based on the rules
of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC)
e.g.
DDT-1,1,1 trichloro -2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane

Carbaryl -1-napthyl N-methylcarbamate

A

Chemical name

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25
Q

as agreed by the international community of scientists to identify the
pesticide easier instead of using the chemical name.

e.g. DDT, carbofuran, diazinon, deltamethrin etc..

A

Common name

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26
Q

as given by the manufacturer. Each company has brand name for its products
and used for advertisement

A

Trade name

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27
Q

Trade name for carbaryl

A

Sevin

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28
Q

Trade name for cypermethrin

A

Cymbush

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29
Q

Trade name for diazinon

A

Basudin

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30
Q

Trade name for deltamethrin

A

Decis

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31
Q

Tradename for lambdacyhalothrin

A

Karate

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32
Q

It is a liquid formulation that Allow the
formulation to be
mixed with water to
form an emulsion (oil
in water)

A

Emulsifiers

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33
Q

The following are the advantage of emulsifier EXCEPT;

A. Easy to handle, transport, and store.
B. Little agitation required.
C. Non abrasive.
D. Easily absorbed through the skim
E. Do not plug screens or nozzles.
F. Little visible residue

A

C. (Disadvantage)

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34
Q

Example of emulsifier?

A

Basudin, malathion

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35
Q

A type of liquid formulation that

• Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent.

• When mixed, forms a solution that will not settle out or separate.

• Formulations of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, the solvent, and one or more other ingredients.

A

Solution

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36
Q

-Must be further diluted.
-Mix readily, no agitation required.
-Limited number of formulations.

A

Concentrate solution

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37
Q

Pre-mixed pesticide products.
• Contain active ingredient and correct amount of solvent.
• No further dilution is required.
• Often 1% or less of active ingredient.

A

Ready to use ( RTU)

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38
Q

Insoluble solids mixed with water and other inert ingredients to form a suspension.
• Easy to handle and apply.
• Require moderate agitation.
• May leave a visible residue.

A

Flowables (F or L)

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39
Q

Example of flowable liquid formulation

A

Furadan

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40
Q

Example of aerosol

A

Baygon

41
Q

Water soluble pesticide with an oil based carrier.
• Form large droplets that do not drift easily.
• Commonly used in vegetation control along rights of way.

A

Invert emulsion

42
Q

Types of dry formulations

A

Dusts (D)
Baits (B)
Granules
Pellets
Wettable powders (Wp)
Soluble powders (sp)
Micro encapsulated pesticides (M)
Water- dispersible granules ( dry flowables)
Fumigants

43
Q

“Surface active ingredients”

• Examples include: Wetting Agents, Emulsifiers, Invert Emulsifiers, SpreadStickers, Penetrants, Foaming Agents, Thickeners, Safeners, Compatibility agents, Buffers, Anti-foaming agents.

A

Adjuvants/ surfactants

44
Q

Two categories of pesticides

A

first-generation pesticides and second-generation pesticide.

45
Q

were used prior to 1940, consisted of compounds such as arsenic, mercury, and lead.

A

First generation pesticide

46
Q

composed of synthetic organic compounds.

A

Second generation pesticides

47
Q

What year is Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Mirex) were used

A

1940-50’s

48
Q

What yr is Oraanophosphates & Carpamates
(Dimethoate, Diazinon, Dursban, Orthene) were used

A

1960-70’s

49
Q

What yr is Pyrethroids (synthetic) used

A

1980-90’s

50
Q

These are under reduced risk insecticides, EXCEPT
A. Naturalytes
B. Insect Growth
Regulators
C. Neonicotinoids
D. Pyrethroids

A

D.

51
Q

(Mode of action)

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE),
leading to accumulation of acetylcholine, at synapses, causing overstimulation of the nervous system.

A

Organophosphates

52
Q

Similar to organophosphate, but binding is reversible

A

Carbamates

53
Q

Disrupt normal functioning of sodium
channels in the nervous system, causing repetitive nerve firing.

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

54
Q

Prolong the opening of sodium channels, leading to hyperexcitation of the nervous system.

A

Pyrethroids

55
Q

Act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), causing excessive stimulation,
and eventual paralysis.

A

Neonicotinoids

56
Q

Acts through phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at
nerve endings (Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)

A

Organophosphates

57
Q

Biologically active carbamates originated with the used of_______, the
seed of Physostigma venenosum (Balfour) as an ordeal poison in West African
witchcraft trials.

A

Calabar beans

58
Q

the seed of a leguminous plant, Physostigma venenosum, a
native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans.

A

Calabar bean

59
Q

Example of carbamate insecticide

A

Sevin, aldicarb, carbaryl

60
Q

T or F

The mode of action of carbamate insecticides is very similar to that of the
organophosphate insecticides as they inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. They DIFFER in action from the organophosphate compounds in that the inhibitory effect on
cholinesterase is brief.

A

True

61
Q

are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine, and
hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other
names, including organochlorines, chlorinated insecticides, and
chlorinated synthetics

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

62
Q

T or f

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are easily broken down by heat, microorganisms, and enzymes

A

FALSE- NOT easily broken down by heat, microorganisms, enzymes

63
Q

were commonly used pesticides
applied to animal skin for control of external parasites.

A

Chlordane, lindane, and toxaphene

64
Q

The two main groups of organochlorine insecticides are :

A

DDT AND ALICYCLICS

65
Q

DDT like compounds work on the__________. At the axon’s sodium
channel, they prevent gate closure after activation and membrane depolarization.

A

peripheral nervous system

66
Q

_________ include aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane and endosulfan.

A 2- to 8-hour exposure leads to depressed central nervous system (CNS) activity, followed by hyperexcitability, tremors, and then seizures.

A

Chlorinated cyclodienes

67
Q

synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins

A

Pyrethroids

68
Q

collective term for pyrethrum extracts, “Purified pyrethrums”

A

Pyrethrins

69
Q

refers to dried and powdered flower
heads of a white- flowered daisy-like plant of Chrysanthemum genus (C. cinerariaefolium , C. cineum)

A

Pyrethrum

70
Q

Year of the widespread use of pyrethroid.

A

1970’s

71
Q

Irregular, brief, jerky, unintentional movements affecting differing parts randomly

A

Chorea

72
Q

Slower more writhing mogements than chorea

A

Athetosis

73
Q

Slower more writhing mogements than chorea

A

Athetosis

74
Q

Act on the central nervous system of insects with very low toxicity to
mammals and minimal environmental impact and therefore, considered a
reduced-risk pesticide.

-They bind at a specific site - postsynaptic receptor

A

Neonicotinoids

75
Q

The hallmark of neonicotinoids is that they are ______.”

A

Systemic

76
Q

Single cell organism, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have been
mass produced and formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides.

A

Microbial insecticides

77
Q

T or f

Microbial insecticides can be used in conjunction with synthetic chemical insecticides because in most
cases the microbial product is not deactivated or damaged by residues of
conventional insecticides.

A

True

78
Q

True or false

The advantage of Microbial insecticide is “They are specific to only a well defined range of target species.”

A

False- disadvantage ang “They are specific to only a well defined range of target species.”

79
Q

Is an entomopathigenic fungus. The mycelium of this fungus
produces a cyclodepsipeptide toxin called bassianolide and
other under the trade name insecticidal toxins such as dipicolic
acid.

A

Verticillium lecanii

80
Q

T or f

Fungi do not have to be ingested to cause infections.

A

True

81
Q

A man-made protein that only effects certain insects
or groups of insects.

-Used as insecticides to control populations of harmful pests

A

Insect Growth Regulators

82
Q

It affect certain hormones in insects, hormones that humans don’t
have.

A

IGRs

83
Q

How IGRs work?

As the insect grows, a new exoskeleton must be formed inside the old
exoskeleton and the old one shed. The new one then swells to a larger
size and hardens. The process is called ______.

A

Molting

84
Q

The changes from larval to adult form, a
processcalled
_____, also take place during molting.

A

metamorphosis

85
Q

____control the phases of molting by acting on the epidermis,
which is part of the exoskeleton.

A

Hormones

86
Q

secreted by prothoracic glands

When an immature insect has reached the point in its development where it needs a larger exoskeleton.

A

Ecdysone

87
Q

secreted by the Corpora Allata prior to each
moult.

ensures that the insect remains immature by inhibiting the development of adult characteristics such as wings and
reproductive organs.

A

Juvenile Hormone

88
Q

IGRs can inhibit ____ which triggers the insect to molt.

A

Ecdysone

89
Q

Work by preventing the formation of CHITIN, a carbohydrate needed to form the insect’s exoskeleton. This prevent the new exoskeleton from forming properly, causing the insect to die.
Death may be quick, or take up to several days depending on the insect.

A

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor

90
Q

Insects affected by anti juveniles hormone agents

A

Cockroaches, Mosquitoes,
Aphids, Whiteflies

91
Q

Insects affected by Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
(CSIs)

A

Lepidopteran larvae (e.g.,
caterpillars), Beetles,
Termites, Mosquitoes

92
Q

____ usually survive IGR treatments and continue to be a nuisance until they die naturally.

A

Adults

93
Q

mimic the effects of naturally occurring juvenile hormone. If levels of JH or mimics of JH remain high,
every molt results in insects emerging as juveniles. If you prevent insect from becoming adults, there can
be no reproduction

A

JUVENILE HORMONE AGONISTS

94
Q

mimic ecdysone and force insects to molt prematurely which typically results in stoppage of feeding and
ultimately in insect death

A

ECDYSONE AGONISTS

95
Q

inhibit the effects of ecdysone.

A

ECDYSONE ANTAGONISTS

96
Q

The ecdysone antagonist materials currently on the market come from_______, the Neem
tree. The active ingredient from the Neem tree is azadiractin and is extracted primarily from seeds of the
tree.

A

Azadiractin indica

97
Q

. One of the most widely used botanical insect growth
regulators.

A

Azadirachtin

98
Q

Because IGRs work by interfering with an insect’s molting process, they
take longer to kill than traditional insecticides. Death typically occurs within
___ to __ days

A

3 to 10 days

Cp3 (3 decks)

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