Chap4 (not Ai Generated) Flashcards
1
Q
oral, contact/dermal, inhalation
A
Route
2
Q
concentration of the toxicant
A
Magnitude
3
Q
length of exposure
A
Duration
4
Q
number of exposure to the toxicant
A
Frequency
5
Q
A measurement of toxicity that dose/concentration at which 50% of the test species will die under
specified duration of exposure
A
LD50
6
Q
exposure in one single dose
A
Acute tests
7
Q
exposure in which the dose is delivered at specified frequency over a
period of time
A
Chronic tests
8
Q
Pesticides having an oral LD50 up to 50 mg/kg
A
Category 1 - Extremely toxic
9
Q
Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to 50-500 mg/kg
A
Category 2- highly toxic
10
Q
Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to 500-5000 mg/kg
A
Category 3- moderately toxic
11
Q
Pesticides having an oral LD50 up
to >5000 mg/kg
A
Category 4- slightly toxic
12
Q
inhibits feeding, insects starve to death
A
Anti feedant
13
Q
reduces transpiration
A
Anti transpirant
14
Q
lures pests to treated location
A
Attractant
15
Q
removes unwanted plant growth
A
Defoliant
16
Q
dries up plant parts and insects
A
Dessicant
17
Q
stops, speeds up or retards growth processes of plants/insects
A
Growth regulator
18
Q
drives pests from treated areas without killing them
A
Repellant
19
Q
enhances the effectiveness of an active ingredient
A
Synergist
20
Q
poison enters the pest through the mouth (feeding) and is absorbed through
the digestive tract
A
Stomach poison
21
Q
poison penetrates the pest’s body as a result of contact of legs or
external portions of the body on treated surfaces
A
Contact poison
22
Q
volatile poison enters through the respiratory system of the pest
A
Fumigant
23
Q
toxicant is water soluble and taken into the plant through the roots, stems
and leaves and trans located throughout the plant. These are effective against sucking,
boring and mining pest and the toxicant is acquired during feeding process.
A
Systemic poison
24
Q
as based on the structure of the compound and named based on the rules
of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC)
e.g.
DDT-1,1,1 trichloro -2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane
Carbaryl -1-napthyl N-methylcarbamate
A
Chemical name
25
as agreed by the international community of scientists to identify the
pesticide easier instead of using the chemical name.
e.g. DDT, carbofuran, diazinon, deltamethrin etc..
Common name
26
as given by the manufacturer. Each company has brand name for its products
and used for advertisement
Trade name
27
Trade name for carbaryl
Sevin
28
Trade name for cypermethrin
Cymbush
29
Trade name for diazinon
Basudin
30
Trade name for deltamethrin
Decis
31
Tradename for lambdacyhalothrin
Karate
32
It is a liquid formulation that Allow the
formulation to be
mixed with water to
form an emulsion (oil
in water)
Emulsifiers
33
The following are the advantage of emulsifier EXCEPT;
A. Easy to handle, transport, and store.
B. Little agitation required.
C. Non abrasive.
D. Easily absorbed through the skim
E. Do not plug screens or nozzles.
F. Little visible residue
C. (Disadvantage)
34
Example of emulsifier?
Basudin, malathion
35
A type of liquid formulation that
• Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent.
• When mixed, forms a solution that will not settle out or separate.
• Formulations of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, the solvent, and one or more other ingredients.
Solution
36
-Must be further diluted.
-Mix readily, no agitation required.
-Limited number of formulations.
Concentrate solution
37
Pre-mixed pesticide products.
• Contain active ingredient and correct amount of solvent.
• No further dilution is required.
• Often 1% or less of active ingredient.
Ready to use ( RTU)
38
Insoluble solids mixed with water and other inert ingredients to form a suspension.
• Easy to handle and apply.
• Require moderate agitation.
• May leave a visible residue.
Flowables (F or L)
39
Example of flowable liquid formulation
Furadan
40
Example of aerosol
Baygon
41
Water soluble pesticide with an oil based carrier.
• Form large droplets that do not drift easily.
• Commonly used in vegetation control along rights of way.
Invert emulsion
42
Types of dry formulations
Dusts (D)
Baits (B)
Granules
Pellets
Wettable powders (Wp)
Soluble powders (sp)
Micro encapsulated pesticides (M)
Water- dispersible granules ( dry flowables)
Fumigants
43
"Surface active ingredients"
• Examples include: Wetting Agents, Emulsifiers, Invert Emulsifiers, SpreadStickers, Penetrants, Foaming Agents, Thickeners, Safeners, Compatibility agents, Buffers, Anti-foaming agents.
Adjuvants/ surfactants
44
Two categories of pesticides
first-generation pesticides and second-generation pesticide.
45
were used prior to 1940, consisted of compounds such as arsenic, mercury, and lead.
First generation pesticide
46
composed of synthetic organic compounds.
Second generation pesticides
47
What year is Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Mirex) were used
1940-50’s
48
What yr is Oraanophosphates & Carpamates
(Dimethoate, Diazinon, Dursban, Orthene) were used
1960-70’s
49
What yr is Pyrethroids (synthetic) used
1980-90’s
50
These are under reduced risk insecticides, EXCEPT
A. Naturalytes
B. Insect Growth
Regulators
C. Neonicotinoids
D. Pyrethroids
D.
51
(Mode of action)
Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE),
leading to accumulation of acetylcholine, at synapses, causing overstimulation of the nervous system.
Organophosphates
52
Similar to organophosphate, but binding is reversible
Carbamates
53
Disrupt normal functioning of sodium
channels in the nervous system, causing repetitive nerve firing.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
54
Prolong the opening of sodium channels, leading to hyperexcitation of the nervous system.
Pyrethroids
55
Act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), causing excessive stimulation,
and eventual paralysis.
Neonicotinoids
56
Acts through phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at
nerve endings (Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor)
Organophosphates
57
Biologically active carbamates originated with the used of_______, the
seed of Physostigma venenosum (Balfour) as an ordeal poison in West African
witchcraft trials.
Calabar beans
58
the seed of a leguminous plant, Physostigma venenosum, a
native of tropical Africa, poisonous to humans.
Calabar bean
59
Example of carbamate insecticide
Sevin, aldicarb, carbaryl
60
T or F
The mode of action of carbamate insecticides is very similar to that of the
organophosphate insecticides as they inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. They DIFFER in action from the organophosphate compounds in that the inhibitory effect on
cholinesterase is brief.
True
61
are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine, and
hydrogen. As pesticides, they are also referred to by several other
names, including organochlorines, chlorinated insecticides, and
chlorinated synthetics
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
62
T or f
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are easily broken down by heat, microorganisms, and enzymes
FALSE- NOT easily broken down by heat, microorganisms, enzymes
63
were commonly used pesticides
applied to animal skin for control of external parasites.
Chlordane, lindane, and toxaphene
64
The two main groups of organochlorine insecticides are :
DDT AND ALICYCLICS
65
DDT like compounds work on the__________. At the axon's sodium
channel, they prevent gate closure after activation and membrane depolarization.
peripheral nervous system
66
_________ include aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane and endosulfan.
A 2- to 8-hour exposure leads to depressed central nervous system (CNS) activity, followed by hyperexcitability, tremors, and then seizures.
Chlorinated cyclodienes
67
synthetic analogs and derivatives of the original pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
68
collective term for pyrethrum extracts, “Purified pyrethrums”
Pyrethrins
69
refers to dried and powdered flower
heads of a white- flowered daisy-like plant of Chrysanthemum genus (C. cinerariaefolium , C. cineum)
Pyrethrum
70
Year of the widespread use of pyrethroid.
1970’s
71
Irregular, brief, jerky, unintentional movements affecting differing parts randomly
Chorea
72
Slower more writhing mogements than chorea
Athetosis
73
Slower more writhing mogements than chorea
Athetosis
74
Act on the central nervous system of insects with very low toxicity to
mammals and minimal environmental impact and therefore, considered a
reduced-risk pesticide.
-They bind at a specific site - postsynaptic receptor
Neonicotinoids
75
The hallmark of neonicotinoids is that they are ______.”
Systemic
76
Single cell organism, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have been
mass produced and formulated for use in a manner similar to insecticides.
Microbial insecticides
77
T or f
Microbial insecticides can be used in conjunction with synthetic chemical insecticides because in most
cases the microbial product is not deactivated or damaged by residues of
conventional insecticides.
True
78
True or false
The advantage of Microbial insecticide is “They are specific to only a well defined range of target species.”
False- disadvantage ang “They are specific to only a well defined range of target species.”
79
Is an entomopathigenic fungus. The mycelium of this fungus
produces a cyclodepsipeptide toxin called bassianolide and
other under the trade name insecticidal toxins such as dipicolic
acid.
Verticillium lecanii
80
T or f
Fungi do not have to be ingested to cause infections.
True
81
A man-made protein that only effects certain insects
or groups of insects.
-Used as insecticides to control populations of harmful pests
Insect Growth Regulators
82
It affect certain hormones in insects, hormones that humans don’t
have.
IGRs
83
How IGRs work?
As the insect grows, a new exoskeleton must be formed inside the old
exoskeleton and the old one shed. The new one then swells to a larger
size and hardens. The process is called ______.
Molting
84
The changes from larval to adult form, a
processcalled
_____, also take place during molting.
metamorphosis
85
____control the phases of molting by acting on the epidermis,
which is part of the exoskeleton.
Hormones
86
secreted by prothoracic glands
When an immature insect has reached the point in its development where it needs a larger exoskeleton.
Ecdysone
87
secreted by the Corpora Allata prior to each
moult.
ensures that the insect remains immature by inhibiting the development of adult characteristics such as wings and
reproductive organs.
Juvenile Hormone
88
IGRs can inhibit ____ which triggers the insect to molt.
Ecdysone
89
Work by preventing the formation of CHITIN, a carbohydrate needed to form the insect's exoskeleton. This prevent the new exoskeleton from forming properly, causing the insect to die.
Death may be quick, or take up to several days depending on the insect.
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor
90
Insects affected by anti juveniles hormone agents
Cockroaches, Mosquitoes,
Aphids, Whiteflies
91
Insects affected by Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
(CSIs)
Lepidopteran larvae (e.g.,
caterpillars), Beetles,
Termites, Mosquitoes
92
____ usually survive IGR treatments and continue to be a nuisance until they die naturally.
Adults
93
mimic the effects of naturally occurring juvenile hormone. If levels of JH or mimics of JH remain high,
every molt results in insects emerging as juveniles. If you prevent insect from becoming adults, there can
be no reproduction
JUVENILE HORMONE AGONISTS
94
mimic ecdysone and force insects to molt prematurely which typically results in stoppage of feeding and
ultimately in insect death
ECDYSONE AGONISTS
95
inhibit the effects of ecdysone.
ECDYSONE ANTAGONISTS
96
The ecdysone antagonist materials currently on the market come from_______, the Neem
tree. The active ingredient from the Neem tree is azadiractin and is extracted primarily from seeds of the
tree.
Azadiractin indica
97
. One of the most widely used botanical insect growth
regulators.
Azadirachtin
98
Because IGRs work by interfering with an insect's molting process, they
take longer to kill than traditional insecticides. Death typically occurs within
___ to __ days
3 to 10 days
