Chap.1 - Characteristics & Classification Flashcards
What are the 5 Kingdoms?
- Animals
- Plants
- Fungi
- Proctoctists
- Prokaryotes (Bacteria/Single cell oragnisms)
What are the characteristics of living things?
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Nutrition
Movement
An action by an organism/part of an ogranism causing a change of position or place.
Respiration
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.
(Formula: glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy released)
Sensitivity
Ability to detect and respond changes in their internal/external environments/stimuli.
Growth
A permanent increase in size and dry mass.
Reproduction
Results in the formation of new individuals.
- Asexual -> one parent produces identitcal offspring
- Sexual -> two parents producing gametes, offspring show variation
Excretion
The removal of metabolic waste chemicals. (NOT POO)
Nutrition
The taking in of materials (food) for energy, growth and development.
Species
A group of individuals that look alike, live in the same habitat, and are capable of interbreeding to product fertile offspring.
How are organisms classified?
By the features that they share.
Binomial System
An internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species.
Genus
A group of species that are closely related, but do not interbreed with each other.
Classification using Biochemistry
Differences in nucleic acids and proteins can be used to relfect their evolutionary relationship.
Classification Systems
Aim to reflect evolutionary relationships.
Classification using DNA and Amino Acids
The sequences of bases in DNA are used as a means of classification. Groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor have base sequences that are more similar than those that share a distant ancestor.
Prokaryotic Cells
Do not have a nucleus, instead a loop of DNA (plasmids).
Eukaryotic Cells
Have a nucleus.
All cells of living organisms are made up of…
- A cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Enzymes
Ribosomes
Carry out protein synthesis
Enzymes
Carry out processes such as respiration.
Plant Kingdom Features
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis)
- Cells have cell walls
- Cells have large sap-filled vacuoles
- Make their own food through photosynthesis.
Animal Kingdom Features
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Obtain their food by eating plants and/or other animals
- Cells do not have cell walls or permanent vacuoles
- All animals have nervous systems to coordinate their responses to stimuli and their movement.
Animal Kingdom Main Groups
- Vertebrates (a species that has a backbone)
- Invertebrates (a species that doesn’t have a backbone)
Main Groups of Vertebrates
- Fish
- Reptiles
- Amphibians
- Mammals
- Birds
Fish Features
- Breath using gills
- Two chamber heart
- Scales
- Lay Eggs
- Live in water
- Have fins
- Are cold-blooded
Reptile Features
- Cold-blooded
- Dry, scaly skin
- Four-chamber heart
- Lay eggs
- Do not look after young
- Breathe using lungs
Amphibian Features
- Young have gills
- Adults have elungs
- Moist skin
- Lay eggs (called spawn)
- Live on land and in water
Mammal Features
- Warm-blooded
- Hairy/furry bodies
- Four-chamber heart
- Single jaw bone
- Sweat glands
- Mammary glands
- Give birth to live young
- Breathe using lungs
Bird Features
- Bipedal
- Warm-blooded
- Feathers
- Wings
- Lay eggs
- Breathe using lungs
Main Invertebrate Groups
- Echinoderms
- Cnidarians
- Molluscs
- Arthropods
- Annelids
Echinoderm Features
- Marine
- Five-sided
- E.g. starfish
Cnidarian Features
- Marine
- Big mouth
- Stinging tentacles
- E.g. jellyfish
Mollusc Features
- Soft body
- Shell
- No legs
- E.g. snail
Arthropod Features
- Exoskeleton
- Body in parts/segments
- Jointed appendages
- e.g. lobsters, spiders
Annelid Features
- Hollow, segmented bodies
- E.g. worms
Main Groups of Arthropods
- Myriapods
- Crustaceans
- Arachnids
- Insects
Myriapod Features
- Head & trunk (trunk made from segments)
- One pair of legs on each segment
- 1 pair of antenna
- Compound eyes
- No wings
Crustacean Features
- 2 pairs of antennae
- Exoskeleton
- Cephalorax (head-thorax combined)
- Abdomen
- At least 5 pairs of legs (5-20)
- Jointed limbs
- Compound Eyes
- No wings
Arachnid Features
- Body in two parts (cephalorax & abdomen)
- Eight legs (4 pairs)
- No wings
- No antennae
- Several pairs of simple eyes
Insect Features
- Body in three parts (head, thorax & abdomen)
- Six legs (3 pairs)
- 4 wings (2 pairs)
- 1 pair of antennae
- Simple and compound eyes
Fungi Features
- Are visible with a light microscope
- Multicellular (except for yeast)
- Made from threads called hyphae
- Produce spores
Prokaryote Features
- Simple cell structure
- Have no nucleus
- Only seen with light microscope
- Single loop of DNA
- Cell wall
Protoctist Features
- Many features of eukaryotes
- Both uni- and multi- cellular
- Can feed or make their own food
Virus Features
- Can be seen only with an electron microscope
- Made from DNA or RNA
- Parasites surrouded by a protein coat
- NOT CELLS
Main Plant Groups
- Ferns
- Flowering Plants
Fern Features
- Strong stem, roots and leaves
- Leaves have waxy layer (cuticle) to reduce water loss
- Have xylem
- Reproduce by means of spores
Flowering Plant Features
- Multicellular
- Each cell is surrounded by a cellulose cell wall
- Leaves (and some stems) contain chlorophyll
- Have apical bud where the stem grows new leaves
Monocotyledons
- Have one cotyledon (seed leaves)
- Have leaves with parallel leaves
Dicotyledons
- Have broad leaves
- Have a network of branchin veins
- Have two cotyledons (seed leaves)
Dichotomous Keys
- Used to idenity organisms
- Includes a series of paired statements or questions to lead to an identification
- Means diving in two
