CHAP1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is oxygenation?
A
Mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body’s ability to supply oxygen to cells.
2
Q
What is respiration?
A
An act of inhaling and exhaling air to transport oxygen to alveoli.
3
Q
What is the role of carbon dioxide in respiration?
A
Carbon dioxide is expelled from the body after oxygen exchange.
4
Q
What is ventilation?
A
The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
5
Q
What factors impair the body’s ability to supply oxygen to cells?
A
Disease conditions such as COPD and asthma.
6
Q
What depends on a healthy and intact respiratory system?
A
Adequate oxygenation.
7
Q
What are the steps in oxygenation?
A
- Ventilation
- Perfusion
- Diffusion
8
Q
Define perfusion.
A
The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
9
Q
What is diffusion in the context of oxygenation?
A
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries.
10
Q
What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
A
- Delivers oxygen to the bloodstream
- Removes excess carbon dioxide
- Sound production
- Protection from dust and microbes
11
Q
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
A
Moistens air, warms it, filters air, and helps with the sense of smell.
12
Q
What is the pharynx responsible for?
A
Carries food and air, warms and humidifies air, aids in taste and hearing, and provides protection.
13
Q
What are the functions of the larynx?
A
Contains vocal cords for pitch, volume, and resonance.
14
Q
What is the glottis?
A
The space between the vocal cords that helps in breathing and sound production.
15
Q
What does the epiglottis do?
A
Keeps food and liquid out of the respiratory tract during swallowing.
16
Q
What is the structure of the trachea?
A
C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it open and allow the esophagus to expand.
17
Q
What are the two parts of the lower respiratory tract?
A
- Bronchi
- Lungs
18
Q
What are alveoli?
A
Functional units of the lungs where O2 is exchanged.
19
Q
What is pulmonary surfactant?
A
A substance synthesized by type II cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
20
Q
What is compliance in relation to the respiratory system?
A
The lungs’ ability to stretch and expand.
21
Q
What factors affect ventilation?
A
- Compliance
- Resistance
22
Q
What is resistance in the context of ventilation?
A
The force that opposes the flow of gases from one point to another.
23
Q
What can cause increased resistance in the airways?
A
- Small endotracheal tube
- Bronchospasm
- Mucosal edema
- Airway obstruction
24
Q
What does the V/Q ratio stand for?
A
Ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) ratio.
25
What is a V/Q mismatch?
An imbalance between ventilation and perfusion leading to ineffective gas exchange.
26
What are common symptoms of a V/Q mismatch?
* Dyspnea
* Cyanosis
* Tachycardia
* Confusion
27
What factors influence work of breathing?
Increased resistance and decreased compliance.
28
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
12 - 20 breaths/min.
29
What is eupnea?
Normal breathing pattern.
30
Define tachypnea.
Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/min.
31
What is bradypnea?
Respiratory rate less than 10 breaths/min.
32
What are crackles?
Popping, crackling sounds heard on inspiration, indicating lung problems.
33
What are rhonchi?
Rumbling sounds heard on expiration, associated with lung conditions.
34
What is a pleural friction rub?
A dry, grating sound heard on both inspiration and expiration due to inflamed pleura.
35
What is the purpose of incentive spirometry?
To promote lung expansion after surgery or prolonged bed rest.
36
What does an arterial blood gas (ABG) test measure?
The levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
37
What is the purpose of taking chest X-rays?
To visualize the lungs when they are well aerated, typically taken after full inspiration.
38
What is Incentive Spirometry used for?
To promote lung expansion after prolonged bed rest or surgery.
39
What are the benefits of performing Incentive Spirometry?
* Increases lung volume
* Boosts alveolar inflation
* Promotes venous return
* Helps prevent atelectasis & pneumonia
40
What does Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) measure?
Levels of O2 & CO2 in the blood and the balance of acids & bases (pH balance).
41
What is Pulse Oximetry?
A non-invasive method for continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
42
True or False: Pulse oximetry can replace Arterial Blood Gas measurements.
False
43
How does Computed Tomography (CT) work?
Lungs are scanned in successive layers by a narrow beam x-ray to produce cross-sectional views.
44
What is the primary use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in respiratory conditions?
To provide detailed diagnostic images and evaluate inflammatory activity in lung diseases.
45
What do Fluoroscopic studies assist with?
Invasive procedures like chest needle or transbronchial biopsy to identify lesions.
46
What is the purpose of Pulmonary Angiography?
To investigate thrombo-embolic disease of the lungs and congenital abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular tree.
47
What is Bronchoscopy?
Direct inspection of the larynx, trachea, & bronchi using a fiberoptic bronchoscope to examine tissues or collect secretions.
48
What is Thoracentesis?
Aspiration of fluid & air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons.
49
Fill in the blank: Oxygen is considered a _______ that a doctor must prescribe.
[medication]
50
What is hypoxemia?
Deficient or low level of oxygen in the blood.
51
What is hypoxia?
Deficient or low oxygen level in the tissue.
52
List some indications for oxygen therapy.
* Presence or anticipation of hypoxemia
* Cardiac arrest
* Smoke inhalation/suspicion of carbon monoxide poisoning
* Decompression sickness
* Dyspnea in the absence of hypoxemia
53
What are some contraindications for using nasal cannulas?
* Nasal obstruction (e.g., nasal polyps)
* Nasopharyngeal catheters in maxillofacial trauma
54
What are possible complications of oxygen therapy?
* Drying of nasal & pharyngeal mucosa
* Skin irritation
* Oxygen-induced hypoventilation
* Absorption atelectasis
* Oxygen toxicity
* Retinopathy of prematurity
* Fire hazard
55
What should be used for infant/pediatric patients on nasal cannula?
A humidifier.
56
What is the management approach for upper respiratory infections (URI)?
Viral or bacterial infections entering the respiratory system.
57
What are common conditions affected by URIs?
* Common cold
* Epiglottitis
* Laryngitis
* Pharyngitis
* Sinusitis
58
What is the common cause of the common cold?
Acute illness caused by a virus (rhinovirus).
59
What are the stages of symptoms in a common cold?
* Stage 1: Tickly/sore throat, sneezing, runny nose
* Stage 2: Peak symptoms, body aches, fever
* Stage 3: Symptoms wind down, some persistence
60
What triggers the immune response during a cold?
Viral infection triggers distress signals from cells.
61
What is the management for epiglottitis?
* Protect the airway
* Provide O2
* Broad-spectrum antibiotics
* IV fluids
62
What are the four D's associated with epiglottitis?
* Dysphagia
* Dysphonia
* Drooling
* Distress
63
What is laryngitis?
Inflammation of the voice box, causing hoarseness and irritation.
64
What are common causes of chronic laryngitis?
* Vocal cord strain
* Growth on vocal cords
* Inhaled irritants
* Acid reflux
* Smoking
65
What are the symptoms of pharyngitis?
* Sore throat
* Pain when swallowing
* Fever
* Cough & hoarseness
66
What is sinusitis also known as?
Rhinosinusitis.
67
What are the types of sinusitis based on duration?
* Acute Sinusitis (<4 weeks)
* Subacute Sinusitis (4-12 weeks)
* Chronic Sinusitis (≥12 weeks)
* Recurrent Acute Sinusitis (4+ times/year)
68
What are the lower respiratory diseases mentioned?
* Asthma
* Bronchitis
* Emphysema
* Pneumonia
69
What condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchial airways?
Asthma.
70
What are common signs and symptoms of asthma?
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* Chest tightness
* Wheezing
* Excessive coughing
71
What is status asthmaticus?
A life-threatening asthma situation unresponsive to medication.
72
What are quick-relief medications for asthma?
* Bronchodilators
* Anticholinergics
* Oral and IV corticosteroids
73
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A group of lung diseases causing irreversible damage to lungs and airways.
74
What is chronic bronchitis characterized by?
Inflammation of trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles with excessive mucus build-up.
75
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
A group of progressive lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that cause irreversible lung and airway damage
## Footnote
COPD is characterized by airflow obstruction and breathing-related problems.
76
What are the main characteristics of chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with excessive mucus build-up
## Footnote
Patients with chronic bronchitis are often referred to as 'Blue Bloaters'.
77
What are the leading causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
* Smoking
* Exposure to air pollution, dust, or chemical fumes
* Asthma
78
What are common symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis?
* Chronic cough
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* Wheezing
* Fatigue
* Chest tightness
79
How long do symptoms of chronic bronchitis typically last?
Months to two years
80
What are the types of chronic bronchitis?
* Acute Bronchitis
* Chronic Bronchitis
81
What is Goblet cell hypersecretion in chronic bronchitis?
Overproduction of mucus due to frequent airway irritation, impairing ciliary action and macrophage function
## Footnote
This leads to airway swelling and mucus accumulation.
82
What is the management and treatment for chronic bronchitis?
* Smoking cessation
* Bronchodilators
* Steroids
* Oxygen therapy
* Antibiotics (if susceptible)
* Vaccination (Flu, Covid-19, Pneumonia)
* Pulmonary rehabilitation
83
What is emphysema?
A progressive lung condition characterized by alveolar damage and shortness of breath, often associated with chronic bronchitis
## Footnote
Patients with emphysema are often referred to as 'Pink Puffers'.
84
What are the primary symptoms of emphysema?
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* Dyspnea
* Tachypnea
* Minimal cough
* Use of accessory muscles
85
What are the stages of emphysema based on lung function?
* Stage 1: Mild (Lungs operate at least 80%)
* Stage 2: Moderate (50% - 79%)
* Stage 3: Severe (30% - 49%)
* Stage 4: Very Severe (less than 30%)
86
What is the main cause of emphysema?
Smoking, including second-hand smoke, along with chemical irritants and genetic factors
87
What is the management and treatment for emphysema?
* Quitting smoking
* Bronchodilators
* Inhaled corticosteroids
* Oral corticosteroids
* Antibiotics
* Anti-inflammatory medications
* Oxygen therapy
* Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS)
* Lung transplant
88
What is pneumonia?
An acute infection in the lungs that causes inflammation and fluid or pus accumulation in lung tissues
89
What are the common causes of pneumonia?
* Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae)
* Viruses (e.g., Rhinovirus)
* Fungi (e.g., Cryptococcus)
* Protozoa (rare)
90
What are the types of pneumonia based on location?
* Bronchopneumonia
* Lobular pneumonia
* Lobar pneumonia
91
What are the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?
* Fever
* Cough with yellow, green, or rusty sputum
* Fatigue
* Dyspnea
* Tachypnea
* Chest pain
92
What is the treatment for pneumonia?
* Antibiotics
* Antifungal medications
* Antiviral medications
* Oxygen therapy
* IV fluids
* Thoracentesis
93
True or False: Emphysema can be cured.
False
## Footnote
Emphysema cannot be cured and may worsen over time.
94
Fill in the blank: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive _______ build-up in the bronchi.
[mucus]
95
What is the term for the inflammation and edema caused by bacterial pneumonia?
Alveolar inflammation
## Footnote
This inflammation can lead to alveolar collapse (atelectasis).
