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OXYGENATION > CHAP1 > Flashcards

CHAP1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oxygenation?

A

Mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body’s ability to supply oxygen to cells.

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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

An act of inhaling and exhaling air to transport oxygen to alveoli.

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3
Q

What is the role of carbon dioxide in respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide is expelled from the body after oxygen exchange.

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

What factors impair the body’s ability to supply oxygen to cells?

A

Disease conditions such as COPD and asthma.

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6
Q

What depends on a healthy and intact respiratory system?

A

Adequate oxygenation.

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7
Q

What are the steps in oxygenation?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Perfusion
  • Diffusion
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8
Q

Define perfusion.

A

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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9
Q

What is diffusion in the context of oxygenation?

A

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries.

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10
Q

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Delivers oxygen to the bloodstream
  • Removes excess carbon dioxide
  • Sound production
  • Protection from dust and microbes
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11
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Moistens air, warms it, filters air, and helps with the sense of smell.

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12
Q

What is the pharynx responsible for?

A

Carries food and air, warms and humidifies air, aids in taste and hearing, and provides protection.

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13
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Contains vocal cords for pitch, volume, and resonance.

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14
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The space between the vocal cords that helps in breathing and sound production.

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15
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Keeps food and liquid out of the respiratory tract during swallowing.

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16
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it open and allow the esophagus to expand.

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17
Q

What are the two parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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18
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Functional units of the lungs where O2 is exchanged.

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19
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

A substance synthesized by type II cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

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20
Q

What is compliance in relation to the respiratory system?

A

The lungs’ ability to stretch and expand.

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21
Q

What factors affect ventilation?

A
  • Compliance
  • Resistance
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22
Q

What is resistance in the context of ventilation?

A

The force that opposes the flow of gases from one point to another.

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23
Q

What can cause increased resistance in the airways?

A
  • Small endotracheal tube
  • Bronchospasm
  • Mucosal edema
  • Airway obstruction
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24
Q

What does the V/Q ratio stand for?

A

Ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) ratio.

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25
Q

What is a V/Q mismatch?

A

An imbalance between ventilation and perfusion leading to ineffective gas exchange.

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26
Q

What are common symptoms of a V/Q mismatch?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Tachycardia
  • Confusion
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27
Q

What factors influence work of breathing?

A

Increased resistance and decreased compliance.

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28
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?

A

12 - 20 breaths/min.

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29
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Normal breathing pattern.

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30
Q

Define tachypnea.

A

Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/min.

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31
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

Respiratory rate less than 10 breaths/min.

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32
Q

What are crackles?

A

Popping, crackling sounds heard on inspiration, indicating lung problems.

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33
Q

What are rhonchi?

A

Rumbling sounds heard on expiration, associated with lung conditions.

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34
Q

What is a pleural friction rub?

A

A dry, grating sound heard on both inspiration and expiration due to inflamed pleura.

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35
Q

What is the purpose of incentive spirometry?

A

To promote lung expansion after surgery or prolonged bed rest.

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36
Q

What does an arterial blood gas (ABG) test measure?

A

The levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

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37
Q

What is the purpose of taking chest X-rays?

A

To visualize the lungs when they are well aerated, typically taken after full inspiration.

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38
Q

What is Incentive Spirometry used for?

A

To promote lung expansion after prolonged bed rest or surgery.

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39
Q

What are the benefits of performing Incentive Spirometry?

A
  • Increases lung volume
  • Boosts alveolar inflation
  • Promotes venous return
  • Helps prevent atelectasis & pneumonia
40
Q

What does Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) measure?

A

Levels of O2 & CO2 in the blood and the balance of acids & bases (pH balance).

41
Q

What is Pulse Oximetry?

A

A non-invasive method for continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.

42
Q

True or False: Pulse oximetry can replace Arterial Blood Gas measurements.

A

False

43
Q

How does Computed Tomography (CT) work?

A

Lungs are scanned in successive layers by a narrow beam x-ray to produce cross-sectional views.

44
Q

What is the primary use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in respiratory conditions?

A

To provide detailed diagnostic images and evaluate inflammatory activity in lung diseases.

45
Q

What do Fluoroscopic studies assist with?

A

Invasive procedures like chest needle or transbronchial biopsy to identify lesions.

46
Q

What is the purpose of Pulmonary Angiography?

A

To investigate thrombo-embolic disease of the lungs and congenital abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular tree.

47
Q

What is Bronchoscopy?

A

Direct inspection of the larynx, trachea, & bronchi using a fiberoptic bronchoscope to examine tissues or collect secretions.

48
Q

What is Thoracentesis?

A

Aspiration of fluid & air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: Oxygen is considered a _______ that a doctor must prescribe.

A

[medication]

50
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Deficient or low level of oxygen in the blood.

51
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficient or low oxygen level in the tissue.

52
Q

List some indications for oxygen therapy.

A
  • Presence or anticipation of hypoxemia
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Smoke inhalation/suspicion of carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Decompression sickness
  • Dyspnea in the absence of hypoxemia
53
Q

What are some contraindications for using nasal cannulas?

A
  • Nasal obstruction (e.g., nasal polyps)
  • Nasopharyngeal catheters in maxillofacial trauma
54
Q

What are possible complications of oxygen therapy?

A
  • Drying of nasal & pharyngeal mucosa
  • Skin irritation
  • Oxygen-induced hypoventilation
  • Absorption atelectasis
  • Oxygen toxicity
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
  • Fire hazard
55
Q

What should be used for infant/pediatric patients on nasal cannula?

A

A humidifier.

56
Q

What is the management approach for upper respiratory infections (URI)?

A

Viral or bacterial infections entering the respiratory system.

57
Q

What are common conditions affected by URIs?

A
  • Common cold
  • Epiglottitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Sinusitis
58
Q

What is the common cause of the common cold?

A

Acute illness caused by a virus (rhinovirus).

59
Q

What are the stages of symptoms in a common cold?

A
  • Stage 1: Tickly/sore throat, sneezing, runny nose
  • Stage 2: Peak symptoms, body aches, fever
  • Stage 3: Symptoms wind down, some persistence
60
Q

What triggers the immune response during a cold?

A

Viral infection triggers distress signals from cells.

61
Q

What is the management for epiglottitis?

A
  • Protect the airway
  • Provide O2
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • IV fluids
62
Q

What are the four D’s associated with epiglottitis?

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Dysphonia
  • Drooling
  • Distress
63
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the voice box, causing hoarseness and irritation.

64
Q

What are common causes of chronic laryngitis?

A
  • Vocal cord strain
  • Growth on vocal cords
  • Inhaled irritants
  • Acid reflux
  • Smoking
65
Q

What are the symptoms of pharyngitis?

A
  • Sore throat
  • Pain when swallowing
  • Fever
  • Cough & hoarseness
66
Q

What is sinusitis also known as?

A

Rhinosinusitis.

67
Q

What are the types of sinusitis based on duration?

A
  • Acute Sinusitis (<4 weeks)
  • Subacute Sinusitis (4-12 weeks)
  • Chronic Sinusitis (≥12 weeks)
  • Recurrent Acute Sinusitis (4+ times/year)
68
Q

What are the lower respiratory diseases mentioned?

A
  • Asthma
  • Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Pneumonia
69
Q

What condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchial airways?

A

Asthma.

70
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Chest tightness
  • Wheezing
  • Excessive coughing
71
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

A life-threatening asthma situation unresponsive to medication.

72
Q

What are quick-relief medications for asthma?

A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Anticholinergics
  • Oral and IV corticosteroids
73
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

A group of lung diseases causing irreversible damage to lungs and airways.

74
Q

What is chronic bronchitis characterized by?

A

Inflammation of trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles with excessive mucus build-up.

75
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

A group of progressive lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that cause irreversible lung and airway damage

COPD is characterized by airflow obstruction and breathing-related problems.

76
Q

What are the main characteristics of chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with excessive mucus build-up

Patients with chronic bronchitis are often referred to as ‘Blue Bloaters’.

77
Q

What are the leading causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A
  • Smoking
  • Exposure to air pollution, dust, or chemical fumes
  • Asthma
78
Q

What are common symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis?

A
  • Chronic cough
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Wheezing
  • Fatigue
  • Chest tightness
79
Q

How long do symptoms of chronic bronchitis typically last?

A

Months to two years

80
Q

What are the types of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Acute Bronchitis
  • Chronic Bronchitis
81
Q

What is Goblet cell hypersecretion in chronic bronchitis?

A

Overproduction of mucus due to frequent airway irritation, impairing ciliary action and macrophage function

This leads to airway swelling and mucus accumulation.

82
Q

What is the management and treatment for chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Bronchodilators
  • Steroids
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Antibiotics (if susceptible)
  • Vaccination (Flu, Covid-19, Pneumonia)
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation
83
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A progressive lung condition characterized by alveolar damage and shortness of breath, often associated with chronic bronchitis

Patients with emphysema are often referred to as ‘Pink Puffers’.

84
Q

What are the primary symptoms of emphysema?

A
  • Shortness of breath (SOB)
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Minimal cough
  • Use of accessory muscles
85
Q

What are the stages of emphysema based on lung function?

A
  • Stage 1: Mild (Lungs operate at least 80%)
  • Stage 2: Moderate (50% - 79%)
  • Stage 3: Severe (30% - 49%)
  • Stage 4: Very Severe (less than 30%)
86
Q

What is the main cause of emphysema?

A

Smoking, including second-hand smoke, along with chemical irritants and genetic factors

87
Q

What is the management and treatment for emphysema?

A
  • Quitting smoking
  • Bronchodilators
  • Inhaled corticosteroids
  • Oral corticosteroids
  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS)
  • Lung transplant
88
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

An acute infection in the lungs that causes inflammation and fluid or pus accumulation in lung tissues

89
Q

What are the common causes of pneumonia?

A
  • Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • Viruses (e.g., Rhinovirus)
  • Fungi (e.g., Cryptococcus)
  • Protozoa (rare)
90
Q

What are the types of pneumonia based on location?

A
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Lobular pneumonia
  • Lobar pneumonia
91
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • Fever
  • Cough with yellow, green, or rusty sputum
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Chest pain
92
Q

What is the treatment for pneumonia?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Antifungal medications
  • Antiviral medications
  • Oxygen therapy
  • IV fluids
  • Thoracentesis
93
Q

True or False: Emphysema can be cured.

A

False

Emphysema cannot be cured and may worsen over time.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive _______ build-up in the bronchi.

A

[mucus]

95
Q

What is the term for the inflammation and edema caused by bacterial pneumonia?

A

Alveolar inflammation

This inflammation can lead to alveolar collapse (atelectasis).

OXYGENATION (2 decks)

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