chap 9- transport in animals

Question 1

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 1

System of blood vessels with pump and valves causing one way movement of blood

Question 2

Describe circulation in a fish

Answer 2

• Single circulation, blood flows through heart once per circuit
• Blood pressure lower than mammals - too low for kidney function

Question 3

What are the advantages of double circulation?

Answer 3

• Blood passes through heart twice per circuit
• Increased blood pressure through lungs
• Increased pressure to tissues

Question 4

Explain the thickness of the heart walls

Answer 4

• Left ventricle thicker - must push blood round whole body
• Right wall thinner as only pushes blood to lungs
• Atria walls thinner than ventricles, only push to ventricles

Question 5

What is the function of the septum?

Answer 5

Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart

Question 6

Describe the movement of the blood around the body starting at the right atrium

Answer 6

• Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
• Right atrium contracts forcing blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
• Blood enters the right ventricle and leaves via the pulmonary artery
• Blood flows to the lungs
• Blood become oxygenated
• Blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
• Left atrium contracts forcing blood through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
• Left ventricles contracts forcing blood into the aorta
• Oxygenated flows around the body and is used in respiration

Question 7

How can heart activity be monitored?

Answer 7

• By an ECG, pulse rate and listening to valves with stethoscope

Question 8

What does physical activity do to pulse rate?

Answer 8

• Increases it

Question 9

How would you investigate effect of exercise on pulse rate?

Answer 9

• Take pulse at rest, perform exercise, take pulse rate again

Question 10

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 10

• Blockage of coronary arteries
• Part of the heart muscle stops contracting, causing a heart attack
• Vital tissues don’t get oxygen

Question 11

What are the risk factors?

Answer 11

• Diet
• Stress
• Smoking
• Genetic predisposition
• Age
• Gender

Question 12

Explain the effect of exercise on pulse rate

Answer 12

• Muscles burn more oxygen in respiration
• Muscle creates waste products
• Increased oxygen demand and waste products needs increased circulation
• Pulse rate increases to keep up with demand

Question 13

How can diet and exercise prevent coronary heart disease?

Answer 13

• Poor diet and lifestyle are risk factors
• Low levels of cholesterol and low saturated fatty acids in diet
• Exercise strengthens heart muscle and reduces stress

Question 14

How can heart disease be treated

Answer 14

• Drug treatment with e.g. aspirin
• Surgery e.g. Bypass operation or angioplasty (stent)

Question 15

blood vessels

Answer 15

1) artery
2) vein
3) cappilary

Question 16

Artery

Answer 16

Thick wall, muscular, carries
blood away from heart

Question 17

How is artery adapted to
function?

Answer 17

Elastic walls expand and
relax, hick walls withstand
high pressure

Question 18

Vein

Answer 18

Thin walled, wide lumen,
takes blood back to heart

Question 19

How is vein adapted to
function

Answer 19

Valves prevent back flow, low
pressure, large diameter
creates low resistance

Question 20

Capillary

Answer 20

One cell thick, branched
structure, extends through all
tissues

Question 21

How is capillary adapted to
function

Answer 21

Short diffusion distance, large
surface area maximises
exchange of substances

Question 22

Name the main blood vessels going to and from the heart

Answer 22

• Vena cava
• Aorta
• Pulmonary vein

Question 23

Name the main blood vessels going to and from the lungs

Answer 23

• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein

Question 24

Name the main blood vessels going to and from the kidney

Answer 24

• Renal artery
• Renal vein

Question 25

What is the function of arterioles?

Answer 25

• Transport blood from arteries to capillaries
• Regulate blood flow and pressure

Question 26

What is the function of venules?

Answer 26

• Transport blood from capillaries to veins

Question 27

What is the function of shunt vessels?

Answer 27

• Transports blood directly from artery to vein
• Regulates blood flow

Question 28

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

Answer 28

• Produces antibodies

Question 29

What is the function of a phagocyte?

Answer 29

Engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)

Question 30

blood components

Answer 30

rbc, wbc, platelets, plasma

Question 31

red blood cells

Answer 31

Transport oxygen bound to haemoglobin

Question 32

White blood cell

Answer 32

Phagocytosis and antibody production

Question 33

Platelet

Answer 33

Used in clotting

Question 34

Plasma

Answer 34

Transports all blood cells and dissolved substances

Question 35

Describe the process of clotting

Answer 35

• Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
• Forms a mesh
• Prevents blood loss and entry of pathogens

Question 36

What happens at the capillary bed?

Answer 36

• Artery brings oxygen and nutrients needed by tissue
• Substances move out from plasma, forming tissue fluid
• Substances collected from cells
• Blood leaving capillary bed deoxygenated, low in nutrients