Chap 9 Behaviour Therapy

Question 1

Contemporary behaviour therapy can be understood by considering 4 major areas of dev…

Answer 1

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. social learning theory
4. cognitive behaviour therapy

Question 2

______ refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing.

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

____ involves a type of learning in which behaviours are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.

Answer 3

Operant conditioning- if there is reinforcement (reward or elimination of aversive stimuli) the chances are increased that the behaviour will occur again, or vis versa

Question 4

The _______ invloves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the enviro, personal factors and ind. behaviour.

Answer 4

Social learning approach (or the social-cognitive approach). The environmental events on behaviour are mainly determined by cog. processes governing how enviro influences are perceived by an ind. and how these events are interpreted.

Question 5

________ and social learning theory now represent the mainstream of contemporary behaviour therapy.

Answer 5

CBT

Question 6

Does behaviour therapy believe that humans are a mere product of their sociocultural conditioning.

Answer 6

No- the current view is that the person is the producer and the product of their enviro.

Question 7

6 key characteristics of behaviour therapy

Answer 7

1. Behaviour therapy is based on scientific method.
2. Behaviour therapy looks at the client’s current probs and the factors influencing them- not analyzing historical determinants.
3. Clients are expected to assume an active role and do something to bring about change.
4. This approach assumes that change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics.
5. The focus is on assessing overt and covert behaviour directly, identifying the problem, and evaluating change.
6. Behavioural treatment is individually tailored to specific probs experienced by clients.

Question 8

Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough _____ to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering info.

Answer 8

functional assessment (or behavioural analysis)

Question 9

Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough functional assessment by gather info about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behaviour, and the consequences of the problem. This is called ______

Answer 9

ABC Model

Question 10

______ are ones that cue or elicit a certain behaviour.

Answer 10

Antecedent events

Question 11

_______ are events that maintain a behaviour in some way either by increasing or decreasing it.

Answer 11

Consequences

Question 12

In doing an _____, the therapist’s task is to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an ind’s behaviour.

Answer 12

Assessment interview.

Question 13

Another way behaviour is controlled is through ______, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the consequences of a certain behaviour result in a decrease of that behaviour.

Answer 13

Punishment

Question 14

______ involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. The indiv. is motivated to exhibit a desired behaviour to avoid the unpleasant condition.

Answer 14

Negative reinforcement.

Question 15

What is an alarm clock an example of?

Answer 15

Neg reinforcement

Question 16

Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response.

Answer 16

Extinction. Can be used for behaviours that have been maintained by positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement.

Question 17

What is an example of extinction?

Answer 17

children who display temper tantrums, ppl often reinforce the behaviour by giving attention to it. But one way to deal with the problematic behaviour is to eliminate the connection b/w a certain behaviour (tantrum) and positive reinforcement (attention). Doing so can decrease or eliminate such behaviours through the extinction process.

Question 18

The goal of reinforcement is it ______ while the goal of punishment is to ______

Answer 18

reinforcement = increase target behaviour
punishment= decrease target behaviour

Question 19

In _____ an aversive stimulus is added after the behaviour to decrease the frequency of a behaviour (eg. withholding a treat from a child from misbehaving or reprimanding a student for acting out in class).

Answer 19

positive punishment

Question 20

In _______ a reinforcing stimuli is removed following the behaviour to decrease the frequency of a behaviour. (eg. deducting money from a worker;s salary for missing time at work, or taking tv time away from a child for misbehaviour)

Answer 20

negative punishment

Question 21

What is the similarity of positive and negative punishment?

Answer 21

In both kinds, the behaviour is less likely to occur in the future.

Question 22

_______, which is based on the principle of classical conditioning, is a basic behavioural procedure where clients imagine successively more anxiety-arousing situations at the same time that they engage in a behaviour that competes with the anxiety.

Answer 22

systematic desensitization. Gradually/systematically, clients become less sensitive (desensitized) to the anxiety-arousing situation

Question 23

What are the steps in the use of systematic desensitization? (3)

Answer 23

1. relaxation training- think of calming place
2. development of the anxiety hierarchy- construct a ranked list of situations that elicit increasing degrees of anxiety/avoidance
3. systematic desensitization proper- doesn’t begin right away

Question 24

__________ are designed to treat fears and other negative emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled conditions, to the situations that contributed to such problems

Answer 24

Exposure therapies. this is a key process in treating a wide range of probs associated w fear and anxiety

Question 25

_____ involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining them.

Answer 25

In vivo exposure.

Question 26

Either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time.

Answer 26

flooding

Question 27

_______ consists of intense a prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimul. Remaining exposed to feared stimuli for a prolonged period without engaging in an anxiety-reducing behaviours allows the anxiety to decrease on its own.

Answer 27

In vivo flooding

Question 28

______________ is a form of exposure therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rapid eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat clients who have experienced traumatic stress.

Answer 28

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This is designed to assist clients in dealing with PTSD, but has been applied to many different ppl/disorders.
There is some controversy whether the eye movements themselves create change, or the application of cognitive techniques paired with eye movements act as change.

Question 29

_______ is a broad category that deals with an ind’s ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. It is used to correct deficits clients have in interpersonal competencies.

Answer 29

Social skills training

Question 30

What is a popular variation of social skills training?

Answer 30

Anger management training.

Question 31

What can assertion training be useful for? (6)

Answer 31

1. ppl who have difficulty expressing anger or irritation
2. who have difficulty saying no
3. who are overly polite and allow others to take advantage of them
4. who find it difficult to express affection and other positive responses
5. who feel they do not have a right to express their thoughts, beliefs and feelings
6. who have social phobias

Question 32

The basic assumption underlying _____ is that ppl have the right (but not the obligation) to express themselves.

Answer 32

Assertion training. One goal of this training is to increase ppl’s behavioural repertoire so that they can make the choice of whether to behave assertively in certain situations.

Question 33

_____ strategies include self-monitoring, self-reward, self-contracting, stimulus control, and self-as-model. Change can be brought about by teaching ppl to use coping skills in problematic situations.

Answer 33

Self-modification

Question 34

_____ is a comprehensive, systematic holistic approach to behaviour therapy. It is grounded in social learning and cognitive theory and applies diverse behavioural techniques to a wide range of problems.

Answer 34

Multimodal therapy. This approach serves as a major link b/w some behavioural principles and the cognitive behavioural approach that has largely replaced traditional behavioural therapy.

Question 35

Multimodal therapy begins with a compregensive assessment of the 7 modalities of human functioning and the interaction among them. A complete assessment and treatment program must account for each modality of the ________, which is the cognitive map linking each aspect of personality.

Answer 35

BASIC I.D. A major premise of multimodal therapy is that breadth is often more important than depth, the more coping responses a client learns in therapy, the less change for relapse.

Question 36

A promising blend of behavioural and psychoanalytic techniques for treatming borderline personality disorders. It was developed to help clients regulate emotions and behaviour associated with depression. it helps clients to accept their emotions as well as change their emotional exp.

Answer 36

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)

Question 37

Sitting meditation and mindful yoga, which are aimed at cultivating mindfulness. It includes a body scan meditation that helps clients to observe all the sensations in their body.

Answer 37

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Question 38

Therapy that involves fully accepting present experience and mindfully letting go of obstacles. “Acceptance is not merely tolerance- rather, it is the active nonjudgmental embracing of experience in the here and now.

Answer 38

Acceptance and commitment therapy. Learn how to accept the thoughts and feelings they may be trying to deny. Commitment involves making mindful decisions about what is important in life and what the person is willing to do to live a valued life/