Chap 9 Behaviour Therapy Flashcards
Contemporary behaviour therapy can be understood by considering 4 major areas of dev…
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- social learning theory
- cognitive behaviour therapy
______ refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing.
Classical conditioning
____ involves a type of learning in which behaviours are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.
Operant conditioning- if there is reinforcement (reward or elimination of aversive stimuli) the chances are increased that the behaviour will occur again, or vis versa
The _______ invloves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the enviro, personal factors and ind. behaviour.
Social learning approach (or the social-cognitive approach). The environmental events on behaviour are mainly determined by cog. processes governing how enviro influences are perceived by an ind. and how these events are interpreted.
________ and social learning theory now represent the mainstream of contemporary behaviour therapy.
CBT
Does behaviour therapy believe that humans are a mere product of their sociocultural conditioning.
No- the current view is that the person is the producer and the product of their enviro.
6 key characteristics of behaviour therapy
- Behaviour therapy is based on scientific method.
- Behaviour therapy looks at the client’s current probs and the factors influencing them- not analyzing historical determinants.
- Clients are expected to assume an active role and do something to bring about change.
- This approach assumes that change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics.
- The focus is on assessing overt and covert behaviour directly, identifying the problem, and evaluating change.
- Behavioural treatment is individually tailored to specific probs experienced by clients.
Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough _____ to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering info.
functional assessment (or behavioural analysis)
Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough functional assessment by gather info about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behaviour, and the consequences of the problem. This is called ______
ABC Model
______ are ones that cue or elicit a certain behaviour.
Antecedent events
_______ are events that maintain a behaviour in some way either by increasing or decreasing it.
Consequences
In doing an _____, the therapist’s task is to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an ind’s behaviour.
Assessment interview.
Another way behaviour is controlled is through ______, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the consequences of a certain behaviour result in a decrease of that behaviour.
Punishment
______ involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. The indiv. is motivated to exhibit a desired behaviour to avoid the unpleasant condition.
Negative reinforcement.
What is an alarm clock an example of?
Neg reinforcement
Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response.
Extinction. Can be used for behaviours that have been maintained by positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement.
What is an example of extinction?
children who display temper tantrums, ppl often reinforce the behaviour by giving attention to it. But one way to deal with the problematic behaviour is to eliminate the connection b/w a certain behaviour (tantrum) and positive reinforcement (attention). Doing so can decrease or eliminate such behaviours through the extinction process.
The goal of reinforcement is it ______ while the goal of punishment is to ______
reinforcement = increase target behaviour punishment= decrease target behaviour
In _____ an aversive stimulus is added after the behaviour to decrease the frequency of a behaviour (eg. withholding a treat from a child from misbehaving or reprimanding a student for acting out in class).
positive punishment
In _______ a reinforcing stimuli is removed following the behaviour to decrease the frequency of a behaviour. (eg. deducting money from a worker;s salary for missing time at work, or taking tv time away from a child for misbehaviour)
negative punishment
What is the similarity of positive and negative punishment?
In both kinds, the behaviour is less likely to occur in the future.
_______, which is based on the principle of classical conditioning, is a basic behavioural procedure where clients imagine successively more anxiety-arousing situations at the same time that they engage in a behaviour that competes with the anxiety.
systematic desensitization. Gradually/systematically, clients become less sensitive (desensitized) to the anxiety-arousing situation
What are the steps in the use of systematic desensitization? (3)
- relaxation training- think of calming place
- development of the anxiety hierarchy- construct a ranked list of situations that elicit increasing degrees of anxiety/avoidance
- systematic desensitization proper- doesn’t begin right away
__________ are designed to treat fears and other negative emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled conditions, to the situations that contributed to such problems
Exposure therapies. this is a key process in treating a wide range of probs associated w fear and anxiety
_____ involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining them.
In vivo exposure.
Either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time.
flooding
_______ consists of intense a prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimul. Remaining exposed to feared stimuli for a prolonged period without engaging in an anxiety-reducing behaviours allows the anxiety to decrease on its own.
In vivo flooding
______________ is a form of exposure therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rapid eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat clients who have experienced traumatic stress.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This is designed to assist clients in dealing with PTSD, but has been applied to many different ppl/disorders.
There is some controversy whether the eye movements themselves create change, or the application of cognitive techniques paired with eye movements act as change.
_______ is a broad category that deals with an ind’s ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. It is used to correct deficits clients have in interpersonal competencies.
Social skills training
What is a popular variation of social skills training?
Anger management training.
What can assertion training be useful for? (6)
- ppl who have difficulty expressing anger or irritation
- who have difficulty saying no
- who are overly polite and allow others to take advantage of them
- who find it difficult to express affection and other positive responses
- who feel they do not have a right to express their thoughts, beliefs and feelings
- who have social phobias
The basic assumption underlying _____ is that ppl have the right (but not the obligation) to express themselves.
Assertion training. One goal of this training is to increase ppl’s behavioural repertoire so that they can make the choice of whether to behave assertively in certain situations.
_____ strategies include self-monitoring, self-reward, self-contracting, stimulus control, and self-as-model. Change can be brought about by teaching ppl to use coping skills in problematic situations.
Self-modification
_____ is a comprehensive, systematic holistic approach to behaviour therapy. It is grounded in social learning and cognitive theory and applies diverse behavioural techniques to a wide range of problems.
Multimodal therapy. This approach serves as a major link b/w some behavioural principles and the cognitive behavioural approach that has largely replaced traditional behavioural therapy.
Multimodal therapy begins with a compregensive assessment of the 7 modalities of human functioning and the interaction among them. A complete assessment and treatment program must account for each modality of the ________, which is the cognitive map linking each aspect of personality.
BASIC I.D. A major premise of multimodal therapy is that breadth is often more important than depth, the more coping responses a client learns in therapy, the less change for relapse.
A promising blend of behavioural and psychoanalytic techniques for treatming borderline personality disorders. It was developed to help clients regulate emotions and behaviour associated with depression. it helps clients to accept their emotions as well as change their emotional exp.
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
Sitting meditation and mindful yoga, which are aimed at cultivating mindfulness. It includes a body scan meditation that helps clients to observe all the sensations in their body.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
Therapy that involves fully accepting present experience and mindfully letting go of obstacles. “Acceptance is not merely tolerance- rather, it is the active nonjudgmental embracing of experience in the here and now.
Acceptance and commitment therapy. Learn how to accept the thoughts and feelings they may be trying to deny. Commitment involves making mindful decisions about what is important in life and what the person is willing to do to live a valued life/
